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<p>Due to the negative reduction potential of indium, the electrowinning process is accompanied by significant hydrogen evolution (HER), making it&#xa0;impossible&#xa0;to directly quantify the partial current of the indium electrowinning reaction (IER) using chronoamperometry (CA). To address this issue, a model was developed to effectively separate the IER and HER partial currents. Fitting CA curves measured at different potentials with this model yielded electrochemical parameters for the process. The consistency between measured and fitted current efficiency values validated the model's reliability. The Scharifker–Hills model was used to fit the CA curves,&#xa0;indicating&#xa0;that indium electrowinning follows a progressive nucleation mechanism.&#xa0;This conclusion was&#xa0;further supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which showed a decreasing polarization resistance and an initial drop followed by a rise in double-layer capacitance,&#xa0;suggesting&#xa0;a continuously expanding active surface area. Microscopic morphology observations revealed that the deposition layer evolved from irregular to uniform spherical particles, with coexisting old and new nuclei,&#xa0;which confirms&#xa0;the progressive nucleation process. This study provides a combined theoretical and experimental approach to mitigate HER interference and analyze the nucleation mechanism in indium electrowinning.</p>

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Unveiling the Electrochemical Behavior and Nucleation Mechanism of Indium on AISI 316 Stainless Steel in Sulfate Solution

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月16日

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  • Liang-hong Duan,
  • Zhi-peng Xu,
  • Xue-yi Guo,
  • Dong Li,
  • Qing-hua Tian

摘要

Due to the negative reduction potential of indium, the electrowinning process is accompanied by significant hydrogen evolution (HER), making it impossible to directly quantify the partial current of the indium electrowinning reaction (IER) using chronoamperometry (CA). To address this issue, a model was developed to effectively separate the IER and HER partial currents. Fitting CA curves measured at different potentials with this model yielded electrochemical parameters for the process. The consistency between measured and fitted current efficiency values validated the model's reliability. The Scharifker–Hills model was used to fit the CA curves, indicating that indium electrowinning follows a progressive nucleation mechanism. This conclusion was further supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which showed a decreasing polarization resistance and an initial drop followed by a rise in double-layer capacitance, suggesting a continuously expanding active surface area. Microscopic morphology observations revealed that the deposition layer evolved from irregular to uniform spherical particles, with coexisting old and new nuclei, which confirms the progressive nucleation process. This study provides a combined theoretical and experimental approach to mitigate HER interference and analyze the nucleation mechanism in indium electrowinning.