<p>Zinc oxide dust, as an important secondary zinc resource, has significant recycling value. The presence of zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) in the dust is the main factor affecting zinc recovery. In this paper, the dissolution behavior of iron minerals and ZnS under different influencing factors was investigated. The study found that the factors affecting the dissolution of iron minerals, in descending order, are initial H₂SO₄ concentration, liquid–solid ratio and reaction time, and iron mineral dissolution can provide Fe³⁺ oxidant for the leaching system. The dissolution extent of ZnS is directly proportional to the concentration of Fe³⁺ in the solution. The initial H₂SO₄ concentration, liquid–solid ratio and reaction time can indirectly affect the dissolution of ZnS by affecting the dissolution of iron minerals in the raw materials. Increasing oxygen flow rate is beneficial to the conversion of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺, thereby indirectly accelerating the dissolution of ZnS. By increasing the initial Fe³⁺ concentration and oxygen flow rate, the content of zinc in the leaching residue can be reduced to 2.16%, and the zinc leaching efficiency reaches 99.51%. This work has important practical value for the treatment of ZnS in zinc oxide dust under an atmospheric pressure-sulfuric acid leaching system and the efficient recovery of zinc.</p>