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<p>The concrete industry significantly contributes to global emissions, necessitating comprehensive environmental impact assessments (EIA). This review synthesizes Web of Science-indexed literature on life cycle assessment (LCA) in concrete manufacturing, guided by ISO 14040/44 standards for requirements, and guidelines on LCA methodologies, including goal/scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI), and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Focus areas encompass LCA applications in concrete, aggregates, and mortar with emphasis on recycled aggregates to promote circular economy practices amid modern waste utilization trends. Key emissions analyzed include CO<sub>2</sub> (global warming potential), SO<sub>2</sub> (acidification), and NOx (eutrophication and smog formation), standardized against a functional unit of 1 m<sup>3</sup> of concrete. Common LCIA methods from reviewed studies feature ReCiPe for endpoint damages (e.g. human health, ecosystem diversity), CML for midpoint impacts like acidification and ozone depletion, and EPD for cradle-to-gate declarations in construction products. While most studies adopt cradle-to-gate boundaries prioritizing greenhouse gases, they often overlook toxic emissions and full cradle-to-grave scopes incorporating recycled materials. Limitations include outdated LCI databases failing to reflect waste-integrated processes and variability in allocation methods for aggregates. Machine learning (ML) emerges sparingly as a supportive tool for enhancing concrete LCI data prediction and uncertainty modeling, yet its integration remains underexplored. This analysis highlights gaps in holistic assessments, advocating updated LCAs with recycled aggregates, expanded impact categories, and cautious ML augmentation to refine predictions without overreliance. Future directions prioritize interdisciplinary efforts for sustainable concrete formulations, aligning with ISO 14040/44 for robust, comparable environmental profiling.</p>

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Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Impacts in Concrete Manufacturing: A Review Incorporating ISO 14040/44, Recycled Aggregates, and Emerging Machine Learning Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Shivani Guleria,
  • Hemant Sood,
  • Hemant Kumar Vinayak,
  • Saleh Alsulamy,
  • Abdessamad Elmotawakkil,
  • Suraj Kumar Bhagat

摘要

The concrete industry significantly contributes to global emissions, necessitating comprehensive environmental impact assessments (EIA). This review synthesizes Web of Science-indexed literature on life cycle assessment (LCA) in concrete manufacturing, guided by ISO 14040/44 standards for requirements, and guidelines on LCA methodologies, including goal/scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI), and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Focus areas encompass LCA applications in concrete, aggregates, and mortar with emphasis on recycled aggregates to promote circular economy practices amid modern waste utilization trends. Key emissions analyzed include CO2 (global warming potential), SO2 (acidification), and NOx (eutrophication and smog formation), standardized against a functional unit of 1 m3 of concrete. Common LCIA methods from reviewed studies feature ReCiPe for endpoint damages (e.g. human health, ecosystem diversity), CML for midpoint impacts like acidification and ozone depletion, and EPD for cradle-to-gate declarations in construction products. While most studies adopt cradle-to-gate boundaries prioritizing greenhouse gases, they often overlook toxic emissions and full cradle-to-grave scopes incorporating recycled materials. Limitations include outdated LCI databases failing to reflect waste-integrated processes and variability in allocation methods for aggregates. Machine learning (ML) emerges sparingly as a supportive tool for enhancing concrete LCI data prediction and uncertainty modeling, yet its integration remains underexplored. This analysis highlights gaps in holistic assessments, advocating updated LCAs with recycled aggregates, expanded impact categories, and cautious ML augmentation to refine predictions without overreliance. Future directions prioritize interdisciplinary efforts for sustainable concrete formulations, aligning with ISO 14040/44 for robust, comparable environmental profiling.