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<p>Grain size is a major determinant of rice yield and has therefore been a primary target in rice breeding programs. Germination, vegetative growth, and flowering time are critical factors influencing seed size and yield, as they collectively affect seed development. The final size of rice grains is coordinately regulated by cell proliferation and cell expansion in the spikelet hull, which determines the storage capacity of the grain and constrains grain filling. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway mediates the degradation of dysfunctional or unnecessary intracellular proteins that are marked by ubiquitination. This pathway is essential for numerous fundamental cellular processes, including the regulation of reproductive phases such as flowering and seed development, as well as vegetative phases such as germination, plant growth, and development. RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger proteins, characterized by eight conserved cysteine and histidine residues, function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and play central roles in phytohormone signaling, stress responses, and plant development. The <i>Grain Width and Weight 2</i> (<i>GW2</i>) gene encodes a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, which plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Accumulating evidence has elucidated the genetic and molecular mechanisms by which GW2 regulates plant growth, seed development, and stress adaptation. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of GW2-mediated regulation of growth and grain size and discuss potential strategies for developing crops with improved seed size and enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses.</p>

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The role of E3 ubiquitin ligase grain width and weight 2 (GW2) as a regulator of plant growth and seed size

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Jiyoung Ahn,
  • Jong Tae Song,
  • Hak Soo Seo

摘要

Grain size is a major determinant of rice yield and has therefore been a primary target in rice breeding programs. Germination, vegetative growth, and flowering time are critical factors influencing seed size and yield, as they collectively affect seed development. The final size of rice grains is coordinately regulated by cell proliferation and cell expansion in the spikelet hull, which determines the storage capacity of the grain and constrains grain filling. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway mediates the degradation of dysfunctional or unnecessary intracellular proteins that are marked by ubiquitination. This pathway is essential for numerous fundamental cellular processes, including the regulation of reproductive phases such as flowering and seed development, as well as vegetative phases such as germination, plant growth, and development. RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger proteins, characterized by eight conserved cysteine and histidine residues, function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and play central roles in phytohormone signaling, stress responses, and plant development. The Grain Width and Weight 2 (GW2) gene encodes a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, which plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Accumulating evidence has elucidated the genetic and molecular mechanisms by which GW2 regulates plant growth, seed development, and stress adaptation. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of GW2-mediated regulation of growth and grain size and discuss potential strategies for developing crops with improved seed size and enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses.