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<p>Electrical stimulation represents an emerging physical biotechnology for enhancing plant in vitro culture and micropropagation, offering potential solutions to persistent challenges including genotype-dependent recalcitrance and suboptimal metabolite yields that limit conventional chemically-based approaches. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the applications and mechanisms of electrical stimulation modalities including direct current (DC), alternating current (AC), and pulsed electric fields (PEF), across diverse tissue culture contexts. We examine documented effects on shoot and root organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast transformation, and secondary metabolite production, where treatments have achieved 2–5-fold enhancements in regeneration efficiency and significant increases in valuable compounds such as taxanes, camptothecin, and phenolics. The mechanisms proposed to underlie these responses include transient membrane permeabilization under pulsed electric field conditions, electrically induced changes in ion flux and Ca²⁺ signaling, possible alterations in hormone distribution, and ROS-associated stress signaling. However, except for electroporation under appropriate pulse conditions, several of these pathways remain incompletely resolved and may be context dependent. Despite reproducible benefits demonstrated over four decades, the field remains transitional between laboratory proof-of-concept and practical implementation, hindered by critical methodological inconsistencies including lack of standardized electrical parameters, inadequate reporting of electrode configurations, and insufficient mechanistic understanding of how exogenous fields interface with endogenous bioelectric networks. Species- and genotype-specific variability further complicates protocol optimization, while scale-up to commercial bioreactors presents unresolved engineering challenges. Future progress depends on developing international reporting guidelines, conducting rigorous multi-laboratory validation studies, and employing multi-omics approaches to elucidate signaling pathways, ultimately establishing electrical stimulation as a standardized tool for plant biotechnology applications.</p>

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Applications and mechanisms of electrical stimulation in plant in vitro culture and micropropagation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Yuhong Zheng,
  • Li Fu

摘要

Electrical stimulation represents an emerging physical biotechnology for enhancing plant in vitro culture and micropropagation, offering potential solutions to persistent challenges including genotype-dependent recalcitrance and suboptimal metabolite yields that limit conventional chemically-based approaches. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the applications and mechanisms of electrical stimulation modalities including direct current (DC), alternating current (AC), and pulsed electric fields (PEF), across diverse tissue culture contexts. We examine documented effects on shoot and root organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast transformation, and secondary metabolite production, where treatments have achieved 2–5-fold enhancements in regeneration efficiency and significant increases in valuable compounds such as taxanes, camptothecin, and phenolics. The mechanisms proposed to underlie these responses include transient membrane permeabilization under pulsed electric field conditions, electrically induced changes in ion flux and Ca²⁺ signaling, possible alterations in hormone distribution, and ROS-associated stress signaling. However, except for electroporation under appropriate pulse conditions, several of these pathways remain incompletely resolved and may be context dependent. Despite reproducible benefits demonstrated over four decades, the field remains transitional between laboratory proof-of-concept and practical implementation, hindered by critical methodological inconsistencies including lack of standardized electrical parameters, inadequate reporting of electrode configurations, and insufficient mechanistic understanding of how exogenous fields interface with endogenous bioelectric networks. Species- and genotype-specific variability further complicates protocol optimization, while scale-up to commercial bioreactors presents unresolved engineering challenges. Future progress depends on developing international reporting guidelines, conducting rigorous multi-laboratory validation studies, and employing multi-omics approaches to elucidate signaling pathways, ultimately establishing electrical stimulation as a standardized tool for plant biotechnology applications.