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<p>Bio-derived antimicrobial additives are gaining significant attention for functional polymer materials, including antimicrobial coatings, packaging films, and surface-engineered composites. In such macromolecular systems, the extraction chemistry is a critical factor as it governs the molecular functionality, polarity balance, and subsequent compatibility with polymer matrices. This study demonstrates a solvent-controlled Soxhlet extraction strategy using mixed hexane–ethanol systems (4:6, 6:4, and 7:3 ratios) to tailor the chemical characteristics of <i>Ziziphus mauritiana</i> essential oils for materials-oriented applications. A hexane–ethanol ratio of 6:4 produced a markedly enhanced oil yield of 39.8%, attributed to optimized solvent–matrix interactions enabling the simultaneous recovery of nonpolar lipid components and polar oxygenated compounds. FT-IR analysis revealed a balanced distribution of functional groups, indicating strong potential for intermolecular interactions relevant to polymer compatibility and dispersion stability. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‑MS) analysis identified the presence of major plant-derived constituents such as phytol, squalene, fatty acid ethyl esters, and minor oxygenated terpenoids. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy provided mechanistic insights into mass transport, revealing solvent-dependent disruption of the plant matrix that facilitates the release of active species. The optimized bio-additive exhibited superior antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, alongside concentration-dependent antifungal performance. These findings highlight the role of solvent engineering as a robust materials design strategy for tailoring bio-derived additives, supporting their integration into sustainable and high-performance antimicrobial polymer systems.</p>

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Solvent-Engineered Extraction of Ziziphus Mauritiana Essential Oils as Functional Antimicrobial Additives for Antimicrobial Coatings and Packaging Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Nabiil Ahmadi Mohd Zohdi,
  • Fathilah Ali,
  • Wan Muhammad Arief Wan Azle,
  • Muhammad Nasrul Hakimi Muhammad Rezal,
  • Muhammad Alif Ziqri Ahmad Nizam,
  • Abdullah Nidhal Hanafi,
  • Muhammad Izzaham Mohtar,
  • Jamarosliza Jamaluddin,
  • Nur Izzah Athirah Che Kassim,
  • Md Nabil Ab Adzim Saifuddin,
  • Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny,
  • Kumuthini Chandrasekaram,
  • Kyunghee Son,
  • Minsoo P. Kim

摘要

Bio-derived antimicrobial additives are gaining significant attention for functional polymer materials, including antimicrobial coatings, packaging films, and surface-engineered composites. In such macromolecular systems, the extraction chemistry is a critical factor as it governs the molecular functionality, polarity balance, and subsequent compatibility with polymer matrices. This study demonstrates a solvent-controlled Soxhlet extraction strategy using mixed hexane–ethanol systems (4:6, 6:4, and 7:3 ratios) to tailor the chemical characteristics of Ziziphus mauritiana essential oils for materials-oriented applications. A hexane–ethanol ratio of 6:4 produced a markedly enhanced oil yield of 39.8%, attributed to optimized solvent–matrix interactions enabling the simultaneous recovery of nonpolar lipid components and polar oxygenated compounds. FT-IR analysis revealed a balanced distribution of functional groups, indicating strong potential for intermolecular interactions relevant to polymer compatibility and dispersion stability. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‑MS) analysis identified the presence of major plant-derived constituents such as phytol, squalene, fatty acid ethyl esters, and minor oxygenated terpenoids. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy provided mechanistic insights into mass transport, revealing solvent-dependent disruption of the plant matrix that facilitates the release of active species. The optimized bio-additive exhibited superior antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, alongside concentration-dependent antifungal performance. These findings highlight the role of solvent engineering as a robust materials design strategy for tailoring bio-derived additives, supporting their integration into sustainable and high-performance antimicrobial polymer systems.