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<p>Degradation behavior of lithium-ion batteries in consumer electronics is strongly influenced by real-world operating conditions, yet evaluations based on batteries recovered from consumer-used devices remain limited. In this study, commercial pouch-type lithium-ion batteries extracted from used iPad Air 4 and iPhone 13 Pro devices were systematically evaluated under controlled state-of-charge (SOC) windows, temperature conditions, and high-temperature storage. Narrow SOC operation suppressed voltage hysteresis growth and preserved discharge plateaus compared to full-depth cycling. Temperature-dependent tests revealed increased polarization and capacity limitation at low temperature, while elevated temperature accelerated voltage distortion and capacity decay. High-temperature storage further induced irreversible voltage shifts and reductions in voltage and energy efficiency. These results demonstrate that voltage-based indicators provide a practical and effective approach for diagnosing operating-condition-dependent degradation in commercial batteries recovered from real consumer devices, offering realistic insights for battery safety evaluation, quality management, and standardized degradation assessment.</p>

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Degradation Assessment of Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries Recovered from Consumer Electronic Devices

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Ahhyeong Jo,
  • Jueun Kim,
  • Minjoon Park

摘要

Degradation behavior of lithium-ion batteries in consumer electronics is strongly influenced by real-world operating conditions, yet evaluations based on batteries recovered from consumer-used devices remain limited. In this study, commercial pouch-type lithium-ion batteries extracted from used iPad Air 4 and iPhone 13 Pro devices were systematically evaluated under controlled state-of-charge (SOC) windows, temperature conditions, and high-temperature storage. Narrow SOC operation suppressed voltage hysteresis growth and preserved discharge plateaus compared to full-depth cycling. Temperature-dependent tests revealed increased polarization and capacity limitation at low temperature, while elevated temperature accelerated voltage distortion and capacity decay. High-temperature storage further induced irreversible voltage shifts and reductions in voltage and energy efficiency. These results demonstrate that voltage-based indicators provide a practical and effective approach for diagnosing operating-condition-dependent degradation in commercial batteries recovered from real consumer devices, offering realistic insights for battery safety evaluation, quality management, and standardized degradation assessment.