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<p>The distribution patterns, source identification and ecological risk assessment of pollutants are critical for coastal ecosystem protection. This study investigated spatial-temporal distribution, ecological risks and potential sources of heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) pollution by 144 samples collected from six intertidal zones in Qingdao, over four seasons during 2021–2022. Generally, heavy metal concentrations were low but Cr and Hg with elevated levels and increasing trends, and there was no seasonal or tidal-zone variation. Qingdao-bay Beach, a pollution hotspot, showed significantly high TPH and Cu concentrations. Multi-index assessments (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>CF</i>, <i>PLI</i>, <i>I</i><sub>geo</sub>, <i>Er</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>, <i>RI</i>, <i>SI</i>, SQG indices) indicated: overall satisfactory sediment quality, considerable ecological risk of Hg pollution, and adverse effects from Cr and As pollution. The comprehensive ecological risk of heavy metals was moderate at Shilaoren Beach, while Qingdao-bay Beach was heavily polluted with TPH. Positive Matrix Factorization modeling identified four primary sources of heavy metal pollution: aquaculture activities, shipping fuel combustion, industrial/urban wastewater discharge and natural ecological sources. Correlation analyses indicated that sediment grain size dominated heavy metal distribution while terrestrial inputs influenced TPH. Partial Mantel test highlighted the superior sensitivity of Hakanson ecological risk index in the risk assessment of heavy metal pollution. Our findings provide critical insights and guidance for coastal environmental management strategies.</p>

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Integrated Assessment of Heavy Metals and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollution with Spatial-Temporal Trends and Source Identification in Coastal Ecosystems: A Case Study of the Intertidal Zones of Qingdao

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Qi Wang,
  • Yang Liu,
  • Yifei Zhang,
  • Jiawei Liu,
  • Xiaoshou Liu

摘要

The distribution patterns, source identification and ecological risk assessment of pollutants are critical for coastal ecosystem protection. This study investigated spatial-temporal distribution, ecological risks and potential sources of heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) pollution by 144 samples collected from six intertidal zones in Qingdao, over four seasons during 2021–2022. Generally, heavy metal concentrations were low but Cr and Hg with elevated levels and increasing trends, and there was no seasonal or tidal-zone variation. Qingdao-bay Beach, a pollution hotspot, showed significantly high TPH and Cu concentrations. Multi-index assessments (e.g., CF, PLI, Igeo, Eri, RI, SI, SQG indices) indicated: overall satisfactory sediment quality, considerable ecological risk of Hg pollution, and adverse effects from Cr and As pollution. The comprehensive ecological risk of heavy metals was moderate at Shilaoren Beach, while Qingdao-bay Beach was heavily polluted with TPH. Positive Matrix Factorization modeling identified four primary sources of heavy metal pollution: aquaculture activities, shipping fuel combustion, industrial/urban wastewater discharge and natural ecological sources. Correlation analyses indicated that sediment grain size dominated heavy metal distribution while terrestrial inputs influenced TPH. Partial Mantel test highlighted the superior sensitivity of Hakanson ecological risk index in the risk assessment of heavy metal pollution. Our findings provide critical insights and guidance for coastal environmental management strategies.