<p>We introduce and study a class <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {M}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="script">M</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of generalized positive definite kernels of the form <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K:X\times X\rightarrow L(\mathfrak {A},L(H))\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathfrak {A}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a unital <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C^{*}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-algebra and <i>H</i> a Hilbert space. These kernels encode operator-valued correlations governed by the algebraic structure of <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathfrak {A}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and generalize classical scalar-valued positive definite kernels, completely positive (CP) maps, and states on <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(C^{*}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-algebras. Our approach is based on a scalar-valued kernel <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\tilde{K}:(X\times \mathfrak {A}\times H)^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb {C}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mi>K</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> <mo>:</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">A</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> associated to <i>K</i>, which defines a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) and enables a concrete, representation-theoretic analysis of the structure of such kernels. We show that every <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K\in \mathcal {M}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">M</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> admits a Stinespring-type factorization <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K(s,t)(a)=V(s)^{*}\pi (a)V(t)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>V</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In analogy with the Radon-Nikodym theory for CP maps, we characterize kernel domination <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K\le L\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in terms of a positive operator <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\in \pi _{L}(\mathfrak {A})'\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi>π</mi> <mi>L</mi> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> satisfying <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(K(s,t)(a)=V_{L}(s)^{*}\pi _{L}(a)AV_{L}(t)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mi>L</mi> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow /> <mo>∗</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>π</mi> <mi>L</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mi>L</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We further show that when <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\pi _{L}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>π</mi> <mi>L</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is irreducible, domination implies scalar proportionality, thus recovering the classical correspondence between pure states and irreducible representations.</p>

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Factorization of operator valued kernels and their applications

  • Palle E. T. Jorgensen,
  • James Tian

摘要

We introduce and study a class \(\mathcal {M}\) M of generalized positive definite kernels of the form \(K:X\times X\rightarrow L(\mathfrak {A},L(H))\) K : X × X L ( A , L ( H ) ) , where \(\mathfrak {A}\) A is a unital \(C^{*}\) C -algebra and H a Hilbert space. These kernels encode operator-valued correlations governed by the algebraic structure of \(\mathfrak {A}\) A , and generalize classical scalar-valued positive definite kernels, completely positive (CP) maps, and states on \(C^{*}\) C -algebras. Our approach is based on a scalar-valued kernel \(\tilde{K}:(X\times \mathfrak {A}\times H)^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb {C}\) K ~ : ( X × A × H ) 2 C associated to K, which defines a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) and enables a concrete, representation-theoretic analysis of the structure of such kernels. We show that every \(K\in \mathcal {M}\) K M admits a Stinespring-type factorization \(K(s,t)(a)=V(s)^{*}\pi (a)V(t)\) K ( s , t ) ( a ) = V ( s ) π ( a ) V ( t ) . In analogy with the Radon-Nikodym theory for CP maps, we characterize kernel domination \(K\le L\) K L in terms of a positive operator \(A\in \pi _{L}(\mathfrak {A})'\) A π L ( A ) satisfying \(K(s,t)(a)=V_{L}(s)^{*}\pi _{L}(a)AV_{L}(t)\) K ( s , t ) ( a ) = V L ( s ) π L ( a ) A V L ( t ) . We further show that when \(\pi _{L}\) π L is irreducible, domination implies scalar proportionality, thus recovering the classical correspondence between pure states and irreducible representations.