<p>Linear map of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{D}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">D</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-algebra <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{A}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is linear map of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{D}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">D</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-module <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{A}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We use notation <Equation ID="Equ30"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_Equ30.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="91" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( f \circ a=f(a) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>∘</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>for image of the linear map <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{f}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">f</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We can identify linear map <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{f}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">f</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{D}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">D</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-algebra <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{A}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and tensor <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="63" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f \in A^{2 \otimes }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>⊗</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> according to the equality <Equation ID="Equ31"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_Equ31.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="123" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( (a \otimes b) \circ c=a c b \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>⊗</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∘</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>I considered solving equation <Equation ID="Equ32"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_Equ32.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( a \circ x=b \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∘</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{A}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be Banach <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="21" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{D}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">D</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-algebra. The map <Equation ID="Equ33"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_Equ33.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="82" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( f: A \rightarrow A \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>is called differentiable on the set <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="58" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{U} \subset \varvec{A}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">U</mi> </mrow> <mo>⊂</mo> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">A</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, if at every point <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{x} \in \varvec{U}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">U</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> the increment of map <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{f}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">f</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> can be represented as <Equation ID="Equ43"> <MediaObject ID="MO1"> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="MediaObjects/11785_2025_1706_Equ43_HTML.png" Format="PNG" Height="89" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="300" Type="Linedraw" Width="1010" /> </MediaObject> </Equation>where <Equation ID="Equ44"> <MediaObject ID="MO2"> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="MediaObjects/11785_2025_1706_Equ44_HTML.png" Format="PNG" Height="89" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="300" Type="Linedraw" Width="270" /> </MediaObject> </Equation>is linear map and <Equation ID="Equ34"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_Equ34.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( o: A \rightarrow A \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>o</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>is such continuous map that <Equation ID="Equ35"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_Equ35.gif" Format="GIF" Height="43" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="109" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{\Vert o(h)\Vert }{\Vert h\Vert }=0 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <munder> <mo movablelimits="true">lim</mo> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </munder> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mi>o</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>Newton’s method to solve the equation <Equation ID="Equ36"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_Equ36.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( f(x)=a \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{f}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">f</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is differentiable map is iterative method for finding the root. Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{x}_{\textbf{0}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">x</mi> </mrow> <mn mathvariant="bold">0</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be initial approximation for the step of iteration. Then the solution of linear equation <Equation ID="Equ37"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11785_2025_1706_Article_Equ37.gif" Format="GIF" Height="38" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="235" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \frac{df(x)}{dx} \circ x=-f\left( x_{0}\right) +\frac{df(x)}{dx} \circ x_{0} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">dx</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>∘</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">dx</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>∘</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>is initial approximation for the next step of iteration.</p>

错误:搜索内容不能为空,请输入英文关键词
错误:关键词超出字数限制,请精简
高级检索

Linear Map and Derivative in Non-commutative Algebra

  • Aleks Kleyn

摘要

Linear map of \(\varvec{D}\) D -algebra \(\varvec{A}\) A is linear map of \(\varvec{D}\) D -module \(\varvec{A}\) A . We use notation \( f \circ a=f(a) \) f a = f ( a ) for image of the linear map \(\varvec{f}\) f . We can identify linear map \(\varvec{f}\) f of \(\varvec{D}\) D -algebra \(\varvec{A}\) A and tensor \(f \in A^{2 \otimes }\) f A 2 according to the equality \( (a \otimes b) \circ c=a c b \) ( a b ) c = a c b I considered solving equation \( a \circ x=b \) a x = b Let \(\varvec{A}\) A be Banach \(\varvec{D}\) D -algebra. The map \( f: A \rightarrow A \) f : A A is called differentiable on the set \(\varvec{U} \subset \varvec{A}\) U A , if at every point \(\varvec{x} \in \varvec{U}\) x U the increment of map \(\varvec{f}\) f can be represented as where is linear map and \( o: A \rightarrow A \) o : A A is such continuous map that \( \lim _{h \rightarrow 0} \frac{\Vert o(h)\Vert }{\Vert h\Vert }=0 \) lim h 0 o ( h ) h = 0 Newton’s method to solve the equation \( f(x)=a \) f ( x ) = a where \(\varvec{f}\) f is differentiable map is iterative method for finding the root. Let \(\varvec{x}_{\textbf{0}}\) x 0 be initial approximation for the step of iteration. Then the solution of linear equation \( \frac{df(x)}{dx} \circ x=-f\left( x_{0}\right) +\frac{df(x)}{dx} \circ x_{0} \) d f ( x ) dx x = - f x 0 + d f ( x ) dx x 0 is initial approximation for the next step of iteration.