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<p>Organic acids were used to activate phosphate rock (PR) via a mechanochemical wet-grinding process to prepare remediation materials for stabilizing Pb and Cd in contaminated soils. The soil samples were collected from an abandoned lead smelting site, with initial Pb and Cd concentrations of 5933.0 and 99.4 mg/kg, respectively. Material characterization revealed that organic acid activation transformed PR into porous aggregates with reduced crystallinity, while promoting the formation of amorphous phosphate minerals. Consequently, the adsorption capacity of PR for Pb and Cd was significantly enhanced. The activated PR materials were thoroughly mixed into the soil at an application rate of 5% (w/w). After a 30-day incubation, the leaching concentrations of Pb and Cd decreased from 1.120 and 0.079 mg/L to 0.011 and 0.008 mg/L, respectively. Driven by the treatment with the humic acid-activated PR (PR-HA) amendment, the immobilization efficiencies of Pb and Cd reached 82.1% and 69.9%, respectively, as indicated by the reduction in DTPA-extractable fractions. Furthermore, the amendment enhanced the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), available phosphorus, and amorphous iron oxides, thereby facilitating the long-term stabilization of Pb and Cd. Overall, the PR-HA amendment shows great promise for the remediation of Pb and Cd-contaminated soils at smelting sites.</p>

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Effects of organic acids activated phosphate rock on the stabilization of lead and cadmium in soil

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Chu-xuan Li,
  • Xiao-hong Wu,
  • Jun Wang,
  • Yi-ni Cao,
  • Wen-de Yan,
  • Sheng-guo Xue

摘要

Organic acids were used to activate phosphate rock (PR) via a mechanochemical wet-grinding process to prepare remediation materials for stabilizing Pb and Cd in contaminated soils. The soil samples were collected from an abandoned lead smelting site, with initial Pb and Cd concentrations of 5933.0 and 99.4 mg/kg, respectively. Material characterization revealed that organic acid activation transformed PR into porous aggregates with reduced crystallinity, while promoting the formation of amorphous phosphate minerals. Consequently, the adsorption capacity of PR for Pb and Cd was significantly enhanced. The activated PR materials were thoroughly mixed into the soil at an application rate of 5% (w/w). After a 30-day incubation, the leaching concentrations of Pb and Cd decreased from 1.120 and 0.079 mg/L to 0.011 and 0.008 mg/L, respectively. Driven by the treatment with the humic acid-activated PR (PR-HA) amendment, the immobilization efficiencies of Pb and Cd reached 82.1% and 69.9%, respectively, as indicated by the reduction in DTPA-extractable fractions. Furthermore, the amendment enhanced the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), available phosphorus, and amorphous iron oxides, thereby facilitating the long-term stabilization of Pb and Cd. Overall, the PR-HA amendment shows great promise for the remediation of Pb and Cd-contaminated soils at smelting sites.