<p>The temperature rise during drilling operations, caused by frictional heating between the machine and rock, is a critical factor limiting the “depth” and “fidelity” of lunar sampling missions. Experimental studies on the frictional characteristics of machine-rock interaction under lunar-based simulated conditions were conducted, revealing the influence of coring drill bit materials and drilling parameters on the friction coefficient and friction torque under high vacuum and extreme temperature conditions. The results indicate that: (1) the dynamic friction coefficient of machine-rock interaction is influenced limitedly by drilling parameters, with environmental conditions being the dominant controlling factor; (2) the effect of vacuum level on the interfacial friction coefficient is consistent for both diamond and cemented carbide materials, showing a decreasing trend in low and medium vacuum environments, but gradually increasing in high vacuum environments; (3) under extreme temperatures, the dynamic friction coefficient at the diamond – simulated lunar rock interface continuously increases during the heating process, whereas it remains essentially stable at the cemented carbide – simulated lunar rock interface. These findings are expected to guide the optimal design of coring bits and drilling parameters, providing technical and theoretical support for deep, fidelity-preserving coring on the lunar base.</p>