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<p>To address differential deformation, uneven stress distribution, and discontinuous failure of roadway surrounding rock under varying cross-sections, this study employs a combined methodology of risk-causality dual-dimensional evaluation, mathematical computation, and numerical simulation. It identifies key factors influencing instability, establishes a multi-factor coupling evaluation system, and examines the spatiotemporal evolution of fracture, displacement, and stress fields in circular, rectangular, and straight-wall semicircular arch roadways under unloading disturbance. The research results indicate that unreasonable cross-section shape, insufficient support, deep excavation, and mining-induced disturbance are high-risk independent factors triggering surrounding rock failure, exhibiting “high probability–high consequence” characteristics and should be prioritized for control. The stress peaks, concentration degrees, and distribution areas vary among roadways with different cross-section shapes. Under the coupled effects of horizontal and vertical stresses, the surrounding rock exhibits zonal and staged deformation and failure characteristics. The horizontal displacement of roadway surrounding rock is primarily distributed in the shallow areas of both sidewalls, showing a symmetrical distribution pattern; vertical displacement is concentrated in the roof and floor areas, spreading radially. Roadways with different cross-section sizes all exhibit deformation and failure modes such as roof subsidence, floor heave, and sidewall convergence. The sidewalls of the roadway are the concentrated areas of the plastic zone, with the overall plastic zone showing a “butterfly-shaped” distribution. Among them, circular roadways have the smallest failure range and the best stability. The stress distribution of roadway surrounding rock demonstrates multi-scale spatiotemporal effects of excavation unloading, disturbance deformation, and failure response. The stress peaks of roadways with different shapes show significant differences, with vertical stresses generally greater than horizontal stresses. Circular or semicircular arch roadways can optimize the stress environment of the surrounding rock in terms of spatiotemporal coordination, which is crucial for limiting surrounding rock deformation, mitigating rock layer failure, and maintaining roadway stability.</p>

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Cross-Sectional Size Effects on Deformation and Failure of Surrounding Rock in Roadways with Different Shapes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Xin-feng Wang,
  • Yi-ping Xiao,
  • Xin-yang Mao,
  • Jun-qi Wu

摘要

To address differential deformation, uneven stress distribution, and discontinuous failure of roadway surrounding rock under varying cross-sections, this study employs a combined methodology of risk-causality dual-dimensional evaluation, mathematical computation, and numerical simulation. It identifies key factors influencing instability, establishes a multi-factor coupling evaluation system, and examines the spatiotemporal evolution of fracture, displacement, and stress fields in circular, rectangular, and straight-wall semicircular arch roadways under unloading disturbance. The research results indicate that unreasonable cross-section shape, insufficient support, deep excavation, and mining-induced disturbance are high-risk independent factors triggering surrounding rock failure, exhibiting “high probability–high consequence” characteristics and should be prioritized for control. The stress peaks, concentration degrees, and distribution areas vary among roadways with different cross-section shapes. Under the coupled effects of horizontal and vertical stresses, the surrounding rock exhibits zonal and staged deformation and failure characteristics. The horizontal displacement of roadway surrounding rock is primarily distributed in the shallow areas of both sidewalls, showing a symmetrical distribution pattern; vertical displacement is concentrated in the roof and floor areas, spreading radially. Roadways with different cross-section sizes all exhibit deformation and failure modes such as roof subsidence, floor heave, and sidewall convergence. The sidewalls of the roadway are the concentrated areas of the plastic zone, with the overall plastic zone showing a “butterfly-shaped” distribution. Among them, circular roadways have the smallest failure range and the best stability. The stress distribution of roadway surrounding rock demonstrates multi-scale spatiotemporal effects of excavation unloading, disturbance deformation, and failure response. The stress peaks of roadways with different shapes show significant differences, with vertical stresses generally greater than horizontal stresses. Circular or semicircular arch roadways can optimize the stress environment of the surrounding rock in terms of spatiotemporal coordination, which is crucial for limiting surrounding rock deformation, mitigating rock layer failure, and maintaining roadway stability.