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<p>The world’s oceans host abundant renewable energy resources, including offshore wind, waves, and tidal currents. For marine renewable-energy engineering, a key challenge is to quantify how array interactions translate into energy losses and structural-load penalties under air-sea-coupled offshore conditions. This study investigates the power and load responses of a downstream fixed-bottom offshore wind turbine subjected to wake interference. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5-MW reference turbine is adopted as a baseline, and an operating-condition matrix is constructed by coupling turbine-to-turbine relative position with combined upstream and downstream yaw misalignment. A total of 1,376 cases are analyzed, spanning upstream yaw angles γu from −30° to 30°, downstream yaw angles γ<sub><i>d</i></sub> of 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°, streamwise spacings <i>x/D</i> of 5–15 rotor diameters, and lateral offsets <i>y/D</i> from −2D to 2D in 0.5D increments. Representative marine atmospheric boundary-layer parameters are prescribed (turbulence intensity TI = 0.05 and shear exponent <i>α</i> = 0.1) to reflect offshore inflow characteristics. A yawed engineering wake model is used to generate the non-uniform inflow across the downstream rotor disk, which is then evaluated using a yaw-corrected blade element momentum (BEM) framework. For each case, the mean and standard deviation are computed for aerodynamic power, rotor thrust, the additional hub bending-moment component induced by disk non-uniformity (Mybase), and the resultant overturning bending moment (Mov), enabling quantitative comparisons in terms of spatial dependence, downstream-yaw modulation, and upstream-yaw-induced wake deflection. The results show that the wake-core region (<i>y/D</i> ≈ 0) produces pronounced reductions in mean power and thrust with progressive recovery as streamwise spacing increases. In contrast, the strongest unsteady fluctuations and the highest bending-moment risk concentrate in the partial-wake region near the wake shear layer, where the standard deviations of Power, Thrust, and Mov increase sharply and then decay rapidly downstream. Increasing downstream yaw generally reduces mean power in an approximately linear manner, whereas mean thrust exhibits markedly weaker sensitivity. Upstream yaw primarily shifts the low-power and high-load zones laterally; although local power gains can be achieved at certain offsets, they are often accompanied by amplified <i>Mybase</i> and <i>Mov</i> fluctuations, highlighting an energy-load trade-off central to wake-steering control. These findings provide quantitative guidance for constraint-aware offshore wind-farm layout optimization and yaw-control design within a “power gain-load penalty” framework, and are pertinent to array-interaction assessment in marine renewable-energy engineering.</p>

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Statistical Characteristics and Spatial Distributions of Aerodynamic Loads on Offshore Fixed-Bottom Wind Turbines under Wake Interference

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Yan-zhong Ren,
  • Ming-xi Liu,
  • Hao Lu,
  • Xiao-xia Gao,
  • Zhe Wu,
  • Lei Zhang,
  • Zhong-he Han

摘要

The world’s oceans host abundant renewable energy resources, including offshore wind, waves, and tidal currents. For marine renewable-energy engineering, a key challenge is to quantify how array interactions translate into energy losses and structural-load penalties under air-sea-coupled offshore conditions. This study investigates the power and load responses of a downstream fixed-bottom offshore wind turbine subjected to wake interference. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5-MW reference turbine is adopted as a baseline, and an operating-condition matrix is constructed by coupling turbine-to-turbine relative position with combined upstream and downstream yaw misalignment. A total of 1,376 cases are analyzed, spanning upstream yaw angles γu from −30° to 30°, downstream yaw angles γd of 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°, streamwise spacings x/D of 5–15 rotor diameters, and lateral offsets y/D from −2D to 2D in 0.5D increments. Representative marine atmospheric boundary-layer parameters are prescribed (turbulence intensity TI = 0.05 and shear exponent α = 0.1) to reflect offshore inflow characteristics. A yawed engineering wake model is used to generate the non-uniform inflow across the downstream rotor disk, which is then evaluated using a yaw-corrected blade element momentum (BEM) framework. For each case, the mean and standard deviation are computed for aerodynamic power, rotor thrust, the additional hub bending-moment component induced by disk non-uniformity (Mybase), and the resultant overturning bending moment (Mov), enabling quantitative comparisons in terms of spatial dependence, downstream-yaw modulation, and upstream-yaw-induced wake deflection. The results show that the wake-core region (y/D ≈ 0) produces pronounced reductions in mean power and thrust with progressive recovery as streamwise spacing increases. In contrast, the strongest unsteady fluctuations and the highest bending-moment risk concentrate in the partial-wake region near the wake shear layer, where the standard deviations of Power, Thrust, and Mov increase sharply and then decay rapidly downstream. Increasing downstream yaw generally reduces mean power in an approximately linear manner, whereas mean thrust exhibits markedly weaker sensitivity. Upstream yaw primarily shifts the low-power and high-load zones laterally; although local power gains can be achieved at certain offsets, they are often accompanied by amplified Mybase and Mov fluctuations, highlighting an energy-load trade-off central to wake-steering control. These findings provide quantitative guidance for constraint-aware offshore wind-farm layout optimization and yaw-control design within a “power gain-load penalty” framework, and are pertinent to array-interaction assessment in marine renewable-energy engineering.