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<p>Reliably determining the burial depth of the upper breakpoint is a critical challenge in detecting buried faults. Currently, reflection seismic surveys are the primary method employed for buried fault detection in Quaternary-covered areas. However, buried faults in such regions are typically shallow and small-scale. Conventional surface reflection seismic exploration is often severely affected by strong surface waves and the influence of loose Quaternary sediments near shot points, resulting in weak effective wave signals and making it difficult to extract reflection information from shallow blind zones. This ultimately leads to unreliable determination of the upper breakpoint position. The mainstream method currently used to determine this location relies on drilling cross-fault profiles. However, even when drilling profiles are conducted across seismically identified breakpoints, horizon calibration of reflection events in time sections still involves considerable uncertainty, which can potentially lead to erroneous judgments regarding the fault’s most recent period of activity. Therefore, improving the accuracy of upper breakpoint depth determination and horizon calibration is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed.</p><p>To tackle these two key technical challenges, this study utilizes shallow-hole Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) technology closely integrated with shallow reflection seismic surveys. By refining the data acquisition methods for shallow-hole VSP, improving data processing techniques, and combining surface seismic data processing methods with VSP data processing methods, we propose a fundamental workflow for integrated surface-borehole VSP data processing. The shallow-hole VSP technique achieved excellent detection results in three aspects at the Yinchuan Xinqushao and Shizuishan Luhuatai buried faults: high-precision velocity measurement, time-section calibration, and VSP-CDP stacked imaging. The combined use of shallow-hole VSP and shallow reflection seismic surveys for detecting the burial depth of the upper breakpoint of buried faults yielded very good results at the Shizuishan Luhuatai buried fault. In addition to reliably determining the upper breakpoint depth, the detailed shallow structure near the fault zone was also clearly visible. The integration of shallow-hole VSP technology and surface reflection seismic technology promises to become a new technical method for determining the burial depth of the upper breakpoint and imaging the fine structure of buried faults.</p>

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Research on Application of Integrated Surface-Borehole Shallow VSP Technology in Buried Active Fault Detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Gang Hu,
  • Lei Shao,
  • Xing-xing Hu

摘要

Reliably determining the burial depth of the upper breakpoint is a critical challenge in detecting buried faults. Currently, reflection seismic surveys are the primary method employed for buried fault detection in Quaternary-covered areas. However, buried faults in such regions are typically shallow and small-scale. Conventional surface reflection seismic exploration is often severely affected by strong surface waves and the influence of loose Quaternary sediments near shot points, resulting in weak effective wave signals and making it difficult to extract reflection information from shallow blind zones. This ultimately leads to unreliable determination of the upper breakpoint position. The mainstream method currently used to determine this location relies on drilling cross-fault profiles. However, even when drilling profiles are conducted across seismically identified breakpoints, horizon calibration of reflection events in time sections still involves considerable uncertainty, which can potentially lead to erroneous judgments regarding the fault’s most recent period of activity. Therefore, improving the accuracy of upper breakpoint depth determination and horizon calibration is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed.

To tackle these two key technical challenges, this study utilizes shallow-hole Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) technology closely integrated with shallow reflection seismic surveys. By refining the data acquisition methods for shallow-hole VSP, improving data processing techniques, and combining surface seismic data processing methods with VSP data processing methods, we propose a fundamental workflow for integrated surface-borehole VSP data processing. The shallow-hole VSP technique achieved excellent detection results in three aspects at the Yinchuan Xinqushao and Shizuishan Luhuatai buried faults: high-precision velocity measurement, time-section calibration, and VSP-CDP stacked imaging. The combined use of shallow-hole VSP and shallow reflection seismic surveys for detecting the burial depth of the upper breakpoint of buried faults yielded very good results at the Shizuishan Luhuatai buried fault. In addition to reliably determining the upper breakpoint depth, the detailed shallow structure near the fault zone was also clearly visible. The integration of shallow-hole VSP technology and surface reflection seismic technology promises to become a new technical method for determining the burial depth of the upper breakpoint and imaging the fine structure of buried faults.