<p>With the increasing depth and intensity of coal mining, controlling the asymmetric large deformation of gate roads under extremely unequal stress has become a major technical challenge threatening mine safety. This study, based on the engineering background of a mine in Southern China, systematically investigates the stress field evolution and failure mechanism of the surrounding rock in such roadways through in-situ stress measurement, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation. The research reveals that the stress field evolution is characterized by significant asymmetry: the advance of the working face causes a sharp increase in the principal stress ratio at the inner side and inner shoulder, with the plastic zone expanding in a “butterfly” pattern, while the stress condition on the outer side relatively improves. The failure of the surrounding rock follows a three-stage temporal evolution mechanism: “initial failure - progressive failure - re-failure.” Based on these findings, this study establishes a “Three-Stage Global Control” theory and proposes a systematic control strategy. This includes optimizing the layout before excavation to control the “initial unstable zone,” implementing differentiated support to suppress the expansion of the plastic zone, and applying supplemental reinforcement using “grouted cable bolts + W-steel straps” specifically for the inner weak zone during the mining-affected period. Field application confirmed that this technical solution significantly improved the deformation and failure conditions of the surrounding rock. The final deformation was effectively controlled within the permissible limits for the gate road.</p>