<p>This study examines the Triassic and Jurassic source rocks in the northern structural belt of the Kuqa Depression, an important petroleum region in the Tarim Basin. By integrating outcrop and drilling data for the first time, this study reveals the tectonic-sedimentary controls on hydrocarbon source rocks. Triassic source rocks are characterized by relatively higher average total organic carbon (TOC, up to ∼2.8% on average) and a predominance of Type II/III kerogens, signaling significant terrestrial organic input with intermittent lacustrine algal contributions in semi-deep depositional settings. In contrast, Jurassic intervals, although showing lower average TOC values, compensate for organic matter deficiency with substantial sedimentary thickness. Notably, carbonaceous mudstones in the Jurassic exhibit TOC peaks up to 22.6%, which substantially enhances their hydrocarbon generation potential. Biomarker ratios (e.g., C27/C29 steranes) and carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) indicate marked differences in organic matter sources and redox conditions between the two intervals. In particular, the Tugerming section displays the lowest thermal maturity, with Ro values ranging from 0.6 to 0.89%, suggesting superior preservation of labile organic components conducive to oil generation. The combined pyrolysis yield estimates further reveal that, despite the lower organic richness of Jurassic rocks, their thickness results in an overall hydrocarbon yield that is approximately 3–4 times higher than that of the Triassic units in key regions. Overall, the study highlights how depositional environments control organic matter type and distribution, thereby influencing hydrocarbon generation potential. These findings prioritize the Tugerming area for coal-derived gas exploration, guiding future resource development in the Kuqa Depression.</p>