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<p>This work introduces a capacity aware digital image watermarking in the spatial domain using compass edge extraction, visual saliency analysis, perceptual alpha blending, and chaotic encryption. In order to enhance the embedding capacity, imperceptibility factors, and watermark protection, a hybrid approach named Compass Edge Guided Capacity Adaptive Spatial Image Watermarking (CEGCASIW) is developed. First, compass edge detection is used to extract important structural and edge information from the host image. At the same time, a visual saliency map is constructed to find low attention areas that can be used for embedding the watermark without any perceptible alteration of the host image. Finally, perceptual alpha blending is employed to increase the efficiency of watermark embedding. Prior to watermark embedding, chaotic encryption ensures that the watermark is protected against extraction. Experimentation involves ten <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(256\times 256\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>256</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>256</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> standard grayscale USC-SIPI images and one <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(10\times 10\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>10</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> watermarking logo. The suggested scheme produce a high PSNR value of 55.89 dB, an average payload of 0.58 bpp, SSIM of 1.0000, and NCC of 0.999947.</p>

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Compass edge guided capacity adaptive spatial image watermarking with perceptual alpha blending

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Sanjeev Narayan Bal,
  • Sharmila Subudhi

摘要

This work introduces a capacity aware digital image watermarking in the spatial domain using compass edge extraction, visual saliency analysis, perceptual alpha blending, and chaotic encryption. In order to enhance the embedding capacity, imperceptibility factors, and watermark protection, a hybrid approach named Compass Edge Guided Capacity Adaptive Spatial Image Watermarking (CEGCASIW) is developed. First, compass edge detection is used to extract important structural and edge information from the host image. At the same time, a visual saliency map is constructed to find low attention areas that can be used for embedding the watermark without any perceptible alteration of the host image. Finally, perceptual alpha blending is employed to increase the efficiency of watermark embedding. Prior to watermark embedding, chaotic encryption ensures that the watermark is protected against extraction. Experimentation involves ten \(256\times 256\) 256 × 256 standard grayscale USC-SIPI images and one \(10\times 10\) 10 × 10 watermarking logo. The suggested scheme produce a high PSNR value of 55.89 dB, an average payload of 0.58 bpp, SSIM of 1.0000, and NCC of 0.999947.