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<p>The paper presents a new context-aware adaptive data hiding (DH) method, ARM-3, for spatial domain of still cover images using Remainder Modulo Three with optimal pixel adjustment process (RM-3 OPAP) DH method. The method efficiency is estimated theoretically and experimentally by average mean squared error (<i>MSE</i>), peak signal-to-noise ratio (<i>PSNR</i>), and structural similarity (<i>SSIM</i>). It is shown that ARM-3 and RM-3 OPAP DH methods having the same average <i>MSE</i> and <i>SSIM</i> have quite different stego/cover image detection error (<i>DE</i>). A new metrics, context <i>MSE</i> (<i>CMSE</i>), discriminating images with the same <i>MSE</i> and <i>SSIM</i> but different <i>DE</i> is proposed. Experiments were conducted on BOSSbase 1.01 dataset with 10000 gray-scale images. ARM-3 and S-UNIWARD DE ranges overlap, for <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="11760_2025_4790_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="103" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.0625-0.195\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0.0625</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mn>0.195</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> bit per pixel (bpp) embedding rates (<i>ER</i>), and, thus, are comparable but ARM-3 is about 200 times faster than S-UNIWARD.</p>

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Context-aware data hiding ARM-3 method and context MSE metrics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月7日

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  • Alexander Chefranov,
  • Gürcü Öz

摘要

The paper presents a new context-aware adaptive data hiding (DH) method, ARM-3, for spatial domain of still cover images using Remainder Modulo Three with optimal pixel adjustment process (RM-3 OPAP) DH method. The method efficiency is estimated theoretically and experimentally by average mean squared error (MSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM). It is shown that ARM-3 and RM-3 OPAP DH methods having the same average MSE and SSIM have quite different stego/cover image detection error (DE). A new metrics, context MSE (CMSE), discriminating images with the same MSE and SSIM but different DE is proposed. Experiments were conducted on BOSSbase 1.01 dataset with 10000 gray-scale images. ARM-3 and S-UNIWARD DE ranges overlap, for \(0.0625-0.195\) 0.0625 - 0.195 bit per pixel (bpp) embedding rates (ER), and, thus, are comparable but ARM-3 is about 200 times faster than S-UNIWARD.