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<p>Reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) has gained significant importance in the age of cloud computing and digital privacy, where securely embedding data into encrypted media without altering the original content is essential. However, conventional RDH techniques often face challenges in encrypted domains, particularly in achieving high embedding capacity, security, and complete reversibility. Moreover, pixel value ordering (PVO)-based embedding methods do not perform well in RDHEI techniques, as the encryption process affects pixel value correlations within a block. To address these challenges, we propose an innovative RDHEI method that integrates a three-stage encryption process with a median-preserving pixel value ordering (PVO) technique to overcome the limitations of PVO when applied in RDHEI. In the proposed method, the encryption phase consists of block permutation, pixel scrambling, and difference-preserving encryption (DPE), ensuring robust image security while preserving essential pixel correlations. For data embedding, a median-preserving PVO strategy is employed, adapting to various block sizes to maximize embedding efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in embedding capacity while maintaining strong security across multiple image databases, including USC-SIPI, BOSSBase v1.01, and BOWS-2. Comprehensive security evaluations, including complexity analysis, histogram analysis, StegExpose, the number of pixels change rate (NPCR), unified average changing intensity (UACI), and key space analysis.</p>

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Enhanced reversible data hiding in encrypted images via median preserving pixel value ordering and block-wise difference preservation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月29日

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  • Chi-Yao Weng,
  • Tsai-Wei Lin,
  • Hao-Yu Weng,
  • Cheng-Ta Huang

摘要

Reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) has gained significant importance in the age of cloud computing and digital privacy, where securely embedding data into encrypted media without altering the original content is essential. However, conventional RDH techniques often face challenges in encrypted domains, particularly in achieving high embedding capacity, security, and complete reversibility. Moreover, pixel value ordering (PVO)-based embedding methods do not perform well in RDHEI techniques, as the encryption process affects pixel value correlations within a block. To address these challenges, we propose an innovative RDHEI method that integrates a three-stage encryption process with a median-preserving pixel value ordering (PVO) technique to overcome the limitations of PVO when applied in RDHEI. In the proposed method, the encryption phase consists of block permutation, pixel scrambling, and difference-preserving encryption (DPE), ensuring robust image security while preserving essential pixel correlations. For data embedding, a median-preserving PVO strategy is employed, adapting to various block sizes to maximize embedding efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in embedding capacity while maintaining strong security across multiple image databases, including USC-SIPI, BOSSBase v1.01, and BOWS-2. Comprehensive security evaluations, including complexity analysis, histogram analysis, StegExpose, the number of pixels change rate (NPCR), unified average changing intensity (UACI), and key space analysis.