Assessing the impact of nano-pollutants on the growth and development of stream breeding frogs
摘要
Amphibians constitute the highest number (41%) of threatened species among the vertebrates. Globally, the group is facing many threats, including environmental pollution. The impact of nano-pollutants varies at different concentrations in the larvae of different amphibian species. Empirical data on various stressors and their impacts on endemic stream breeding amphibian species of Hindukush-Himalayan region are lacking. We therefore conducted the present study to see if engineered nanoparticles (iron and zinc) had any effect on the growth and development of Hazara frog (Nanorana hazarensis) and Murree Hills frog (N. vicina) tadpoles under laboratory conditions. Our results show that there is an effective range of zinc (up to 5 mg L−1) for Hazara frog where its bioavailability may be associated with significantly increasing growth rates. Conversely, we identified that zinc deficiency (concentrations below the detection limit) and excess (concentrations of ≧ 20 mg L−1) were both associated with slower or defective growth rates. However, higher concentrations of iron (≧ 10 mg L−1) delayed growth in Murree Hills frog. Our findings show that these species exhibited slower growth but faster development at higher concentrations of nanoparticles. We suggest further detailed long-term studies focusing on cytotoxicity, agglomeration of nanoparticles in the environment and body, mechanism of action and any changes at genetic level.