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<p>Ankyrin-repeat (ANK) proteins are versatile scaffolds in plants, yet their evolutionary breadth and stress functions remain unclear. We surveyed six reference genomes (wheat, maize, rice, barley, sorghum, Arabidopsis) and catalogued 94 high-confidence ANK genes. Comparative phylogenomics resolved eight clades; maize and wheat show lineage-specific expansions consistent with genome duplication and tandem amplification. Subcellular prediction and GO/InterPro profiling converge on a membrane-centric role enriched for protein-phosphatase binding, supporting a model in which ANKs act as membrane-anchored phosphatase adaptors. Promoter analysis uncovered dense, combinatorial cis-codes dominated by light-responsive motifs and hormone elements (ABRE, JA, SA), with lineage-biased stress modules (e.g., wheat drought MYB, barley cold LTR, rice hypoxia ARE) indicating regulatory rewiring. Wheat transcriptomes partition ANKs into three tiers: a pathogen-inducible clade (≥ 30-fold under stripe rust/powdery mildew), an abiotic-stress cluster (drought/PEG/heat), and constitutive members, evidencing post-duplication subfunctionalisation. The qRT-PCR assay shows that wheat ankyrin genes respond to UV-B in three clear patterns. <i>TaANK23</i>, <i>TaANK32</i>, <i>TaANK39</i> and <i>TaANK49</i> are UV-B inducible, but with distinct timings: <i>TaANK23</i> and <i>TaANK32</i> rise quickly and peak by 12–24 h, <i>TaANK39</i> accumulates steadily throughout the 36 h period, and <i>TaANK49</i> is activated only after 24 h, suggesting early- versus late-phase functions. <i>TaANK29</i> and <i>TaANK42</i> are UV-B repressed, <i>TaANK29</i> strongly and persistently, <i>TaANK42</i> only transiently, implying that some ankyrins are switched off to accommodate the stress response<i>. TaANK37</i> and <i>TaANK48</i> remain unchanged, indicating roles unrelated to UV-B signalling. Overall, these contrasting profiles highlight functional diversification within the wheat ankyrin family, with some members acting as rapid UV-B responders, others as late or negative regulators, and a few remaining constitutively expressed.</p>

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Unveiling wheat Ankyrin-repeat proteins: genome-wide insights into evolutionary diversification and UV-B-induced expression dynamics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Samar G. Thabet,
  • Fatmah Ahmed Safhi,
  • Amr Elkelish,
  • Ahmad M. Alqudah

摘要

Ankyrin-repeat (ANK) proteins are versatile scaffolds in plants, yet their evolutionary breadth and stress functions remain unclear. We surveyed six reference genomes (wheat, maize, rice, barley, sorghum, Arabidopsis) and catalogued 94 high-confidence ANK genes. Comparative phylogenomics resolved eight clades; maize and wheat show lineage-specific expansions consistent with genome duplication and tandem amplification. Subcellular prediction and GO/InterPro profiling converge on a membrane-centric role enriched for protein-phosphatase binding, supporting a model in which ANKs act as membrane-anchored phosphatase adaptors. Promoter analysis uncovered dense, combinatorial cis-codes dominated by light-responsive motifs and hormone elements (ABRE, JA, SA), with lineage-biased stress modules (e.g., wheat drought MYB, barley cold LTR, rice hypoxia ARE) indicating regulatory rewiring. Wheat transcriptomes partition ANKs into three tiers: a pathogen-inducible clade (≥ 30-fold under stripe rust/powdery mildew), an abiotic-stress cluster (drought/PEG/heat), and constitutive members, evidencing post-duplication subfunctionalisation. The qRT-PCR assay shows that wheat ankyrin genes respond to UV-B in three clear patterns. TaANK23, TaANK32, TaANK39 and TaANK49 are UV-B inducible, but with distinct timings: TaANK23 and TaANK32 rise quickly and peak by 12–24 h, TaANK39 accumulates steadily throughout the 36 h period, and TaANK49 is activated only after 24 h, suggesting early- versus late-phase functions. TaANK29 and TaANK42 are UV-B repressed, TaANK29 strongly and persistently, TaANK42 only transiently, implying that some ankyrins are switched off to accommodate the stress response. TaANK37 and TaANK48 remain unchanged, indicating roles unrelated to UV-B signalling. Overall, these contrasting profiles highlight functional diversification within the wheat ankyrin family, with some members acting as rapid UV-B responders, others as late or negative regulators, and a few remaining constitutively expressed.