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<p>Few studies have investigated the biological properties of the medicinal plant <i>Euphorbia segetalis</i>, a species that remains poorly explored. Being the cornerstone of our investigation into the phytochemical profile and biological properties of <i>Euphorbia segetalis</i>, this work focuses on evaluating three extracts obtained using ethyl acetate (AES), dichloromethane (DCMES), and acetone (ACES). Given the limited existing literature available on this species, this knowledge gap, the present work aimed to establish a phytochemical profile of the extracts using gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS and to investigate their antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and antibacterial activities through an integrative experimental approach supplemented by molecular docking analysis. A total of 39 constituents were tentatively identified across the three extracts based on GC–MS analysis, with triterpenoids, steroids, and phytosterol-related compounds representing the predominant chemical classes. The colorimetric assays indicated that the DCM extract showed the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 4.70 µg/mL. On the other hand, the antioxidant capacity of the ACES extract presented the best free radical scavenging activity in all assays performed, including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and phenanthroline tests. Moreover, the acetone extract was particularly rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, with contents reaching 291.45 ± 1.18 µg gallic acid equivalents per milligram of extract and 207.56 ± 1.70 µg quercetin equivalents per milligram, respectively. Regarding antibacterial activity, the DCM extract appeared to be the most effective, particularly against Gram positive bacterial strains. Overall, the in vitro assays conducted on the poorly investigated <i>Euphorbia segetalis</i> suggest that this species may represent a promising source of bioactive metabolites with antioxidant, antibacterial, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. However, further studies, including bioassay guided isolation and structural characterization of active metabolites, as well as toxicity assessment, are required to confirm its safety and pharmacological potential.</p>

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GC–MS profiling and biological activities of three extracts of the underexplored Euphorbia segetalis: an in vitro and in silico investigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Hiba Bebour,
  • Mabrouka Benhadj,
  • Aicha Rizi,
  • Malika Berredjem,
  • Chawki Bensouici,
  • Moussa Houhamdi

摘要

Few studies have investigated the biological properties of the medicinal plant Euphorbia segetalis, a species that remains poorly explored. Being the cornerstone of our investigation into the phytochemical profile and biological properties of Euphorbia segetalis, this work focuses on evaluating three extracts obtained using ethyl acetate (AES), dichloromethane (DCMES), and acetone (ACES). Given the limited existing literature available on this species, this knowledge gap, the present work aimed to establish a phytochemical profile of the extracts using gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS and to investigate their antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and antibacterial activities through an integrative experimental approach supplemented by molecular docking analysis. A total of 39 constituents were tentatively identified across the three extracts based on GC–MS analysis, with triterpenoids, steroids, and phytosterol-related compounds representing the predominant chemical classes. The colorimetric assays indicated that the DCM extract showed the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 4.70 µg/mL. On the other hand, the antioxidant capacity of the ACES extract presented the best free radical scavenging activity in all assays performed, including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and phenanthroline tests. Moreover, the acetone extract was particularly rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, with contents reaching 291.45 ± 1.18 µg gallic acid equivalents per milligram of extract and 207.56 ± 1.70 µg quercetin equivalents per milligram, respectively. Regarding antibacterial activity, the DCM extract appeared to be the most effective, particularly against Gram positive bacterial strains. Overall, the in vitro assays conducted on the poorly investigated Euphorbia segetalis suggest that this species may represent a promising source of bioactive metabolites with antioxidant, antibacterial, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. However, further studies, including bioassay guided isolation and structural characterization of active metabolites, as well as toxicity assessment, are required to confirm its safety and pharmacological potential.