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<p>Phase change materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for thermal energy storage owing to their high latent heat storage capacity however, their practical application is often limited by low thermal conductivity and poor structural stability. To address these challenges, this study presents a single-step synthesis approach for developing titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanofluid-enhanced stearic acid (SA)-based nano-phase change materials (n-PCMs). Among the developed formulations, TF1, consisting of 1&#xa0;mL of 0.5 wt% TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofluid and 5&#xa0;mL of SA, exhibited the highest colloidal stability with a z-average particle size of 24&#xa0;nm and a zeta potential of − 43&#xa0;mV. Structural and chemical characterization using XRD and FTIR confirmed the successful incorporation of TiO2 NPs while preserving the crystalline and molecular integrity of both TiO<sub>2</sub> and SA without the formation of new chemical bonds. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed enhanced thermal stability, with TF1 exhibiting a reduced mass loss of 65–75% compared to 80% for pure SA. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated only marginal variations in phase transition temperatures, with TF1 showing a melting point of 51.9&#xa0;°C and a freezing point of 60.7&#xa0;°C, indicating retention of the intrinsic thermal storage characteristics of the base PCM. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity increased from 0.38 W m<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;K<sup>−1</sup> for pure SA to 0.57 W m<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;K<sup>−1</sup> for TF1, corresponding to a 50% enhancement in heat transfer capability. These findings demonstrate that the proposed single-step TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofluid incorporation strategy provides a simple, stable, and energy-efficient route for the development of high-performance nano-enhanced PCMs for thermal energy storage applications.</p>

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Impact of single-step nanofluid of independent particle size and controllable properties on thermal energy storage potential of organic PCM

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月13日

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  • Manoj Kumar Yadav,
  • Rudraksh Srivastava,
  • Tushar Sharma,
  • Japan Trivedi

摘要

Phase change materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for thermal energy storage owing to their high latent heat storage capacity however, their practical application is often limited by low thermal conductivity and poor structural stability. To address these challenges, this study presents a single-step synthesis approach for developing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofluid-enhanced stearic acid (SA)-based nano-phase change materials (n-PCMs). Among the developed formulations, TF1, consisting of 1 mL of 0.5 wt% TiO2 nanofluid and 5 mL of SA, exhibited the highest colloidal stability with a z-average particle size of 24 nm and a zeta potential of − 43 mV. Structural and chemical characterization using XRD and FTIR confirmed the successful incorporation of TiO2 NPs while preserving the crystalline and molecular integrity of both TiO2 and SA without the formation of new chemical bonds. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed enhanced thermal stability, with TF1 exhibiting a reduced mass loss of 65–75% compared to 80% for pure SA. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated only marginal variations in phase transition temperatures, with TF1 showing a melting point of 51.9 °C and a freezing point of 60.7 °C, indicating retention of the intrinsic thermal storage characteristics of the base PCM. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity increased from 0.38 W m−1 K−1 for pure SA to 0.57 W m−1 K−1 for TF1, corresponding to a 50% enhancement in heat transfer capability. These findings demonstrate that the proposed single-step TiO2 nanofluid incorporation strategy provides a simple, stable, and energy-efficient route for the development of high-performance nano-enhanced PCMs for thermal energy storage applications.