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<p>This study presents a scalable, low-cost hybrid route combining carbonization and acid-assisted post-treatment to convert lignocellulosic waste into functional carbon materials. The hybrid approach enables tuning of surface chemistry and structural features of carbon materials, which are important parameters for potential surface-dependent applications such as adsorption. Larch pine (K) and oak (M) sawdust were used as model feedstocks to investigate the effects of biomass type and process parameters on chemical structure and surface functionality. Feedstocks were carbonized at three temperatures and subjected to acid-assisted post-treatment at room temperature with three acid ratios. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed the smallest particle sizes at 700&#xa0;°C for K and 550&#xa0;°C for M, with an optimal acid ratio of 40:20. Materials were characterized by elemental analysis, SEM, FTIR, and TG/dTG. Carbonization increased carbon content of K and M by 33 and 11 wt%, respectively, while the hybrid method further raised these values to 38 and 16 wt%. Morphological analysis indicated that pores formed during carbonization evolved into three-dimensional structures after acid treatment. FTIR confirmed enrichment of oxygen-containing functional groups, demonstrating effective surface functionalization. Total mass loss decreasing from 86.25% (K) and 77.31% (M) after carbonization to 48.92 and 49.65% after hybrid treatment. Thermal analysis revealed changes in degradation behavior after acid-assisted treatment, with decomposition regions shifting toward higher temperatures. Overall, the hybrid treatment significantly affected both the structural and chemical properties of the materials. Surface functionalization induced by acid treatment was confirmed by FTIR analysis, while thermal analysis showed modified degradation pathways and changes in mass loss behavior. This relatively energy-efficient method offers a promising route for functional carbon materials with applications in environmental and energy-related fields.</p>

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Hybrid carbonization and acid-assisted modification of biomass-derived carbon

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月13日

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  • Elif Yaman-Çamlı,
  • Fatma Ö. Gökmen,
  • Sinan Temel,
  • Mehmet F. Gözükizil,
  • Nurgül Özbay

摘要

This study presents a scalable, low-cost hybrid route combining carbonization and acid-assisted post-treatment to convert lignocellulosic waste into functional carbon materials. The hybrid approach enables tuning of surface chemistry and structural features of carbon materials, which are important parameters for potential surface-dependent applications such as adsorption. Larch pine (K) and oak (M) sawdust were used as model feedstocks to investigate the effects of biomass type and process parameters on chemical structure and surface functionality. Feedstocks were carbonized at three temperatures and subjected to acid-assisted post-treatment at room temperature with three acid ratios. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed the smallest particle sizes at 700 °C for K and 550 °C for M, with an optimal acid ratio of 40:20. Materials were characterized by elemental analysis, SEM, FTIR, and TG/dTG. Carbonization increased carbon content of K and M by 33 and 11 wt%, respectively, while the hybrid method further raised these values to 38 and 16 wt%. Morphological analysis indicated that pores formed during carbonization evolved into three-dimensional structures after acid treatment. FTIR confirmed enrichment of oxygen-containing functional groups, demonstrating effective surface functionalization. Total mass loss decreasing from 86.25% (K) and 77.31% (M) after carbonization to 48.92 and 49.65% after hybrid treatment. Thermal analysis revealed changes in degradation behavior after acid-assisted treatment, with decomposition regions shifting toward higher temperatures. Overall, the hybrid treatment significantly affected both the structural and chemical properties of the materials. Surface functionalization induced by acid treatment was confirmed by FTIR analysis, while thermal analysis showed modified degradation pathways and changes in mass loss behavior. This relatively energy-efficient method offers a promising route for functional carbon materials with applications in environmental and energy-related fields.