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<p>In this study, an ethylene glycol-based CuO–Au hybrid nanofluid past a vertical channel with internal heat generation is examined for the combined effects of activation energy and thermal radiation on mixed convective heat and mass transport. Using appropriate similarity transformations, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations that capture the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and nanoparticle concentration are developed and converted into a system of connected dimensionless equations. The finite element method (FEM) using quadratic interpolation functions is used to numerically solve the resulting equations, which include important parameters including activation energy, radiation parameter, heat generation, and Brownian motion. The influence of pertinent parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles is analysed in detail, along with engineering quantities of interest such as skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. The results reveal that increasing activation energy (E1) and the heat generation parameter (Q) significantly enhances axial velocity and heat transfer rates, while reducing secondary velocity and nanoparticle concentration. Thermal radiation is found to elevate temperature distribution within the channel. This study introduces a novel mathematical model that simultaneously incorporates hybrid nanoparticles, internal heat generation, and activation energy effects, which has not been previously reported. The outcomes provide valuable insights for the design and optimisation of advanced thermal systems, including chemical reactors, cooling devices, and biomedical heat exchangers.</p>

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Novel investigation of activation energy, thermal radiation, and heat generation effects on CuO–Au/ethylene glycol hybrid nanofluid flow in a vertical channel using FEM

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • K. Gnanaprasunamba,
  • P. Chandrakala

摘要

In this study, an ethylene glycol-based CuO–Au hybrid nanofluid past a vertical channel with internal heat generation is examined for the combined effects of activation energy and thermal radiation on mixed convective heat and mass transport. Using appropriate similarity transformations, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations that capture the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and nanoparticle concentration are developed and converted into a system of connected dimensionless equations. The finite element method (FEM) using quadratic interpolation functions is used to numerically solve the resulting equations, which include important parameters including activation energy, radiation parameter, heat generation, and Brownian motion. The influence of pertinent parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles is analysed in detail, along with engineering quantities of interest such as skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. The results reveal that increasing activation energy (E1) and the heat generation parameter (Q) significantly enhances axial velocity and heat transfer rates, while reducing secondary velocity and nanoparticle concentration. Thermal radiation is found to elevate temperature distribution within the channel. This study introduces a novel mathematical model that simultaneously incorporates hybrid nanoparticles, internal heat generation, and activation energy effects, which has not been previously reported. The outcomes provide valuable insights for the design and optimisation of advanced thermal systems, including chemical reactors, cooling devices, and biomedical heat exchangers.