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<p>The flat plate collector (FPC) is a widely used solar thermal system that can deliver heat energy for water heating, power plants, and industrial heating applications. This study investigates the enhancement of FPC’s thermal performance by using ferric oxide ((Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)-copper oxide (CuO) (20:80) hybrid nanofluids containing rod-shaped CuO nanoparticles of varying sizes (20, 30, and 40&#xa0;nm). The influence of nanoparticle size on key performance indicators like thermal conductivity, heat retention, fluid outlet temperature, and overall thermal efficiency was evaluated. The experimental results revealed that the Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–CuO hybrid nanofluid containing 40&#xa0;nm rod-shaped CuO nanoparticles achieved the highest thermodynamic performance, with thermal conductivity increasing to 0.754&#xa0;W/mK, fluid outlet temperature reaching 87.2&#xa0;°C, 83.2% maximum thermal efficiency (19.3% higher than DI water), and the lowest performance degradation factor was 4.8%. However, from a techno-economic perspective, the 20&#xa0;nm CuO nanorods provided a better balance between thermal enhancement and operational cost, making them more feasible for large-scale cost-sensitive solar thermal applications. Compared with earlier studies on conventional mono and hybrid nanofluids for FPCs, the present work specifically investigates the influence of rod-shaped CuO nanoparticle size within Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–CuO hybrid nanofluids on thermo-physical behavior, thermal stability, and long-term collector reliability.</p>

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Enhancing solar flat plate collector performance using size-dependent nanorod-shaped CuO–Fe2O3 hybrid nanofluids

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Sathish Thanikodi

摘要

The flat plate collector (FPC) is a widely used solar thermal system that can deliver heat energy for water heating, power plants, and industrial heating applications. This study investigates the enhancement of FPC’s thermal performance by using ferric oxide ((Fe2O3)-copper oxide (CuO) (20:80) hybrid nanofluids containing rod-shaped CuO nanoparticles of varying sizes (20, 30, and 40 nm). The influence of nanoparticle size on key performance indicators like thermal conductivity, heat retention, fluid outlet temperature, and overall thermal efficiency was evaluated. The experimental results revealed that the Fe2O3–CuO hybrid nanofluid containing 40 nm rod-shaped CuO nanoparticles achieved the highest thermodynamic performance, with thermal conductivity increasing to 0.754 W/mK, fluid outlet temperature reaching 87.2 °C, 83.2% maximum thermal efficiency (19.3% higher than DI water), and the lowest performance degradation factor was 4.8%. However, from a techno-economic perspective, the 20 nm CuO nanorods provided a better balance between thermal enhancement and operational cost, making them more feasible for large-scale cost-sensitive solar thermal applications. Compared with earlier studies on conventional mono and hybrid nanofluids for FPCs, the present work specifically investigates the influence of rod-shaped CuO nanoparticle size within Fe2O3–CuO hybrid nanofluids on thermo-physical behavior, thermal stability, and long-term collector reliability.