<p>Synthetic organic dyes, valued for their intense coloration, are employed extensively across the textile, cosmetic, and plastic industries. Discharging these dyes as effluent poses severe ecological risks due to the persistent and toxic nature of these compounds. Conventional physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods often prove inadequate, exhibiting limitations in efficiency, cost effectiveness, and long term sustainability. Consequently, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as promising alternatives, capable of generating highly reactive species that mineralize refractory organic pollutants. Among AOPs, TiO₂ based photocatalysis has attracted considerable research interest for its efficacy in degrading dyes under ultraviolet or solar irradiation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of organic dye photodegradation using TiO₂ photocatalysts. The study delves into the fundamental photocatalytic mechanism, the influence of critical factors such as crystal phase, and various enhancement strategies like doping and composite formation to improve visible-light absorption and overall performance. The impact of operational parameters including catalyst loading, initial pollutant concentration, pH, and light intensity on degradation efficiency is thoroughly examined. Furthermore, the review evaluates case studies on the techno-economic aspects, catalyst-reusability and stability; highlights the existing challenges and proposes future research directions for scaling this technology toward practical, sustainable water treatment applications.</p>