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<p>Water scarcity and contamination are significant challenges globally, and this is aggravated by population growth, industrialization, and climate change. This review discusses emulsion nanofluid membranes (ENM), a revolutionary water treatment method in which nanofluids are directly integrated into the organic (membrane) phase of the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) to function as Pickering stabilizers, hence improving emulsion stability, mass transfer rate, and antifouling characteristics while improve the stability, selectivity and efficiency of the process in the removal of the pollutants. ENM are water–oil-water (<i>W/O/W</i>) systems, which capitalize on nanofluids (e.g., <i>Fe</i><sub>3</sub><i>O</i><sub>4</sub><i>, SiO</i><sub>2</sub><i>, Al</i><sub>2</sub><i>O</i><sub>3</sub>) to improve the process of mass transfer, reduce the level of fouling, and extract and stripping contaminants. This incorporates surfactants (e.g., <i>Span 80</i>), extractants (e.g., <i>CYANEX 272, D2EHPA</i>), diluents (e.g., kerosene), and stripping agents (e.g., NaOH, HCl). Choice of the stripping agent (NaOH for cationic metals/dyes or HCl for anionic species and drugs) is based on the targeted pollutant charge, pH dependence speciation, and compatibility with the carrier to ensure efficient back-extraction while decreasing emulsion breaking. In preparation, nanoparticles are chosen, emulsified and their characterization through methods like DLS, zeta potential, SEM, TEM, FTIR and NMR. Applications have shown &gt; 95% removal efficiencies, which is better than conventional methods in flux (to 45% better), rejection, antifouling, and energy savings. The comparison shows that ENM are better permeable, mechanically stable, and can be recycled. Challenges include emulsion instability and high initial costs of nanomaterial; however, organic chemicals (surfactants, extractants, and diluents) are affordable, recyclable, and reusable for several cycles, making the whole process cost-effective on a large scale. Nanoparticle adsorption at the oil–water interface (Pickering stabilization), optimal surfactant concentration, and stability of emulsification parameters are the best methods for preventing emulsion instability. Emulsion Nanofluid Membranes are widely employed in resource recovery, environmental remediation, and sustainable water purification procedures due to their excellent selectivity, increased mass transfer performance, and energy-efficient operation. The purpose of (ENM) has been presented as a next-generation, energy-efficient resource recovery technology platform that offers resource recovery, higher flux, and additional antifouling its resources during comparison with existing technologies, thereby helping to solve the global water scarcity and circular-economy objectives.</p>

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A review on emulsion nanofluid membranes: next-generation technology for water and industrial wastewater purification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Karuna Boppena,
  • A. V. Raghavendra Rao,
  • Manjakuppam Malika,
  • Ganesh Chandra Nandi,
  • Vijaya Kumar Talari,
  • Shriram S. Sonawane

摘要

Water scarcity and contamination are significant challenges globally, and this is aggravated by population growth, industrialization, and climate change. This review discusses emulsion nanofluid membranes (ENM), a revolutionary water treatment method in which nanofluids are directly integrated into the organic (membrane) phase of the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) to function as Pickering stabilizers, hence improving emulsion stability, mass transfer rate, and antifouling characteristics while improve the stability, selectivity and efficiency of the process in the removal of the pollutants. ENM are water–oil-water (W/O/W) systems, which capitalize on nanofluids (e.g., Fe3O4, SiO2, Al2O3) to improve the process of mass transfer, reduce the level of fouling, and extract and stripping contaminants. This incorporates surfactants (e.g., Span 80), extractants (e.g., CYANEX 272, D2EHPA), diluents (e.g., kerosene), and stripping agents (e.g., NaOH, HCl). Choice of the stripping agent (NaOH for cationic metals/dyes or HCl for anionic species and drugs) is based on the targeted pollutant charge, pH dependence speciation, and compatibility with the carrier to ensure efficient back-extraction while decreasing emulsion breaking. In preparation, nanoparticles are chosen, emulsified and their characterization through methods like DLS, zeta potential, SEM, TEM, FTIR and NMR. Applications have shown > 95% removal efficiencies, which is better than conventional methods in flux (to 45% better), rejection, antifouling, and energy savings. The comparison shows that ENM are better permeable, mechanically stable, and can be recycled. Challenges include emulsion instability and high initial costs of nanomaterial; however, organic chemicals (surfactants, extractants, and diluents) are affordable, recyclable, and reusable for several cycles, making the whole process cost-effective on a large scale. Nanoparticle adsorption at the oil–water interface (Pickering stabilization), optimal surfactant concentration, and stability of emulsification parameters are the best methods for preventing emulsion instability. Emulsion Nanofluid Membranes are widely employed in resource recovery, environmental remediation, and sustainable water purification procedures due to their excellent selectivity, increased mass transfer performance, and energy-efficient operation. The purpose of (ENM) has been presented as a next-generation, energy-efficient resource recovery technology platform that offers resource recovery, higher flux, and additional antifouling its resources during comparison with existing technologies, thereby helping to solve the global water scarcity and circular-economy objectives.