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<p>The textile printing industry relies heavily on urea as a humectant in reactive dye formulations, but its high nitrogen content (46&#xa0;wt%) contributes to eutrophication and elevated chemical oxygen demand in wastewater. This study evaluated polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) as a nitrogen free substitute in cotton reactive printing using two monochlorotriazine dyes, C.I. Reactive Blue 13 and C.I. Reactive Yellow 18, at 2 and 4% shade depths. Four formulations were compared: standard (15% urea) versus PEG400 at 1, 2 and 3% (w/w). Under controlled conditions, the 3% PEG400 formulation significantly outperformed the urea based system. For Reactive Blue 13 at 4% shade, Sum K/S values increased from 139.92 to 154.38, while dye penetration rose from 90.26 to 99.06%. Reactive Yellow 18 at 4% shade showed Sum K/S enhancement from 114.37 to 131.54 and penetration from 83.23 to 98.55%. Fastness properties (rubbing, washing, light, perspiration) remained within acceptable industrial ratings (grade 4 to 5). Fabric softness and edge sharpness also improved. Eliminating 15% urea reduces nitrogen load by approximately 31.7&#xa0;g nitrogen per kg printing paste, significantly lowering potential nutrient pollution in effluents. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) confirmed that both formulation type and shade depth had significant effects on colour strength. PEG400 at 3% concentration demonstrates superior performance as a sustainable, nitrogen free alternative to urea in reactive cotton printing, offering enhanced colour yield, improved penetration, comparable fastness, and reduced environmental impact.</p>

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Evaluation of polyethylene glycol as a urea substitute in reactive printing of cotton fabrics with selected dyes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Hammad Majeed,
  • Tehreema Iftikhar

摘要

The textile printing industry relies heavily on urea as a humectant in reactive dye formulations, but its high nitrogen content (46 wt%) contributes to eutrophication and elevated chemical oxygen demand in wastewater. This study evaluated polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) as a nitrogen free substitute in cotton reactive printing using two monochlorotriazine dyes, C.I. Reactive Blue 13 and C.I. Reactive Yellow 18, at 2 and 4% shade depths. Four formulations were compared: standard (15% urea) versus PEG400 at 1, 2 and 3% (w/w). Under controlled conditions, the 3% PEG400 formulation significantly outperformed the urea based system. For Reactive Blue 13 at 4% shade, Sum K/S values increased from 139.92 to 154.38, while dye penetration rose from 90.26 to 99.06%. Reactive Yellow 18 at 4% shade showed Sum K/S enhancement from 114.37 to 131.54 and penetration from 83.23 to 98.55%. Fastness properties (rubbing, washing, light, perspiration) remained within acceptable industrial ratings (grade 4 to 5). Fabric softness and edge sharpness also improved. Eliminating 15% urea reduces nitrogen load by approximately 31.7 g nitrogen per kg printing paste, significantly lowering potential nutrient pollution in effluents. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) confirmed that both formulation type and shade depth had significant effects on colour strength. PEG400 at 3% concentration demonstrates superior performance as a sustainable, nitrogen free alternative to urea in reactive cotton printing, offering enhanced colour yield, improved penetration, comparable fastness, and reduced environmental impact.