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<p>An expanding global crisis and environmental concerns necessitate a clean and efficient energy source. Sustainable hydrogen production is a promising solution, playing vital role in reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating environmental pollution. Photocatalytic water splitting is considered as a prominent and environmental friendly approach. MXene–transition metal oxides (TMOs) based composites are novel class of hybrids which can be used as photocatalysts, possessing exceptional structural and electronic synergy. MXenes are 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides with conductive properties, abundant active sites and modifiable surface chemistry. TMOs are capacitive materials, having excellent redox activity but rate performance and cyclability are significant challenges which can be solved by forming their heterostructures with MXene. MXene act as conductive bridge for growth of transition metal oxides, which acts as spacer between MXene layers, preventing agglomeration and increasing interfacial contact. This review explores synthesis strategies, structural characteristics and catalytic performance of MXene-TMOs composites and highlights their individual role in photocatalytic hydrogen production. It also highlights limitations, challenges and future perspectives for their scalable applications in sustainable hydrogen production.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A comprehensive review of MXene–transition metal oxides composites as photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Maha Bibi,
  • Sana Sabahat,
  • Azra Yaqub,
  • Aimen Wajid

摘要

An expanding global crisis and environmental concerns necessitate a clean and efficient energy source. Sustainable hydrogen production is a promising solution, playing vital role in reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating environmental pollution. Photocatalytic water splitting is considered as a prominent and environmental friendly approach. MXene–transition metal oxides (TMOs) based composites are novel class of hybrids which can be used as photocatalysts, possessing exceptional structural and electronic synergy. MXenes are 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides with conductive properties, abundant active sites and modifiable surface chemistry. TMOs are capacitive materials, having excellent redox activity but rate performance and cyclability are significant challenges which can be solved by forming their heterostructures with MXene. MXene act as conductive bridge for growth of transition metal oxides, which acts as spacer between MXene layers, preventing agglomeration and increasing interfacial contact. This review explores synthesis strategies, structural characteristics and catalytic performance of MXene-TMOs composites and highlights their individual role in photocatalytic hydrogen production. It also highlights limitations, challenges and future perspectives for their scalable applications in sustainable hydrogen production.

Graphical abstract