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<p>The development of sustainable and cost-effective adsorbent materials with high removal efficiency is critical for advanced wastewater treatment; therefore, in this study, two novel pyrene-based semi-interpenetrating polymer hydrogels (H1 and H2) were synthesized as efficient adsorbents for the removal of the toxic Brilliant Green (BG) dye from aqueous solutions. Specifically, the hydrogels were prepared via an oxidation–reduction polymerization route, where hydrogel H1 was synthesized using acrylamide, glycol methacrylate, and <i>N</i>-propan-2-ylprop-2-enamide, while hydrogel H2 was obtained by incorporating PePnUMA-co-AMPS into the same monomeric system. Subsequently, batch adsorption experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the effects of initial BG concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on adsorption performance. Notably, maximum adsorption efficiency was achieved at pH 7, where the positively charged BG molecules strongly interacted with the functional groups on the hydrogel surfaces; consequently, effective dye removal was achieved under ambient conditions and near-neutral pH without pre-treatment, thereby highlighting the practical applicability of the developed materials. Under optimized conditions (25&#xa0;mg adsorbent, 400&#xa0;mg/L BG dye solution, pH 7, 60&#xa0;min contact time, 25&#xa0;°C), the BG dye adsorption capacities (q<sub>e</sub>) of H1 and H2 hydrogels reached 635.40 and 618.07 mg g<sup>−1</sup>, with corresponding removal efficiencies (%R) of 85.92% and 86.21%, respectively. Furthermore, adsorption isotherm analysis revealed that both hydrogels follow a monolayer adsorption mechanism according to the Langmuir model, with maximum adsorption capacities (q<sub>max</sub>) of 2000 mg g<sup>−1</sup> for H1 and 1429 mg g<sup>−1</sup> for H2, and correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.9837 and 0.9963, respectively. In addition, kinetic studies demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit to the experimental data, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant adsorption mechanism. Moreover, thermodynamic evaluations confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with favorable performance across a wide temperature range. Overall, these results demonstrate that both H1 and H2 hydrogels exhibit excellent potential as efficient, scalable adsorbents for removing BG dye from wastewater.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Advanced pyrene-based semi-interpenetrating polymer hydrogels for high-efficiency removal of brilliant green dye: kinetics, thermodynamics, and adsorption isotherms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Soleen S. Ahmed

摘要

The development of sustainable and cost-effective adsorbent materials with high removal efficiency is critical for advanced wastewater treatment; therefore, in this study, two novel pyrene-based semi-interpenetrating polymer hydrogels (H1 and H2) were synthesized as efficient adsorbents for the removal of the toxic Brilliant Green (BG) dye from aqueous solutions. Specifically, the hydrogels were prepared via an oxidation–reduction polymerization route, where hydrogel H1 was synthesized using acrylamide, glycol methacrylate, and N-propan-2-ylprop-2-enamide, while hydrogel H2 was obtained by incorporating PePnUMA-co-AMPS into the same monomeric system. Subsequently, batch adsorption experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the effects of initial BG concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on adsorption performance. Notably, maximum adsorption efficiency was achieved at pH 7, where the positively charged BG molecules strongly interacted with the functional groups on the hydrogel surfaces; consequently, effective dye removal was achieved under ambient conditions and near-neutral pH without pre-treatment, thereby highlighting the practical applicability of the developed materials. Under optimized conditions (25 mg adsorbent, 400 mg/L BG dye solution, pH 7, 60 min contact time, 25 °C), the BG dye adsorption capacities (qe) of H1 and H2 hydrogels reached 635.40 and 618.07 mg g−1, with corresponding removal efficiencies (%R) of 85.92% and 86.21%, respectively. Furthermore, adsorption isotherm analysis revealed that both hydrogels follow a monolayer adsorption mechanism according to the Langmuir model, with maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of 2000 mg g−1 for H1 and 1429 mg g−1 for H2, and correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.9837 and 0.9963, respectively. In addition, kinetic studies demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit to the experimental data, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant adsorption mechanism. Moreover, thermodynamic evaluations confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with favorable performance across a wide temperature range. Overall, these results demonstrate that both H1 and H2 hydrogels exhibit excellent potential as efficient, scalable adsorbents for removing BG dye from wastewater.

Graphical abstract