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<p>Advanced nanomaterials have revolutionized the field of biosensing with attractive combination of physicochemical properties, charge transport, and optical/electrochemical signal transduction, leading to quick, sensitive, and stable detection of clinically crucial analytes such as glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), hormones (insulin, hCG), neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin), and proteins. The current review has covered the functional nanomaterials, biosensor components and mechanisms, and recent advancements for predictive and diagnostic monitoring. The wide spectrum of nanomaterials including metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal oxides, magnetic nanomaterials, and polymeric nanofibers, have been discussed. Further, the basic components of a typical biosensing system have been discussed, followed by detailed description of advanced detection techniques including Electrochemical biosensing (amperometry, conductometry, voltammetry, and impedimetry), Optical biosensing (fluorescence, colorimetry, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, and optical fiber), and Gravimetric biosensing (magnetoelastic, quartz crystal microbalance, and piezoelectric). Along with technological advances in the functionalization and immobilization approaches, the review has reported the key performance parameters such as detection limit, sensitivity, stability, and applicability. Further, the review highlights the recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors that enable the ultra-sensitive, rapid, and portable detection of clinically relevant analytes, including the emerging platforms such as MXene, CRIPSR, nanozyme and wearable-based biosensors. However, challenges such material toxicity, long-term stability, reproducibility, and interference from complex biological matrices remain as significant limitations. Finally, the comparative analysis of biosensing of human analytes with recent nanomaterials and novel detection techniques, has provided an appealing insight into the role of nanotechnology in the development of next-generation point-of-care biosensors.</p>

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Biosensing of human analytes: nanomaterials, mechanisms and recent advances

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Pradeep Yadav,
  • Neetu Divya,
  • Varsha Srivastava,
  • Amit D. Saran

摘要

Advanced nanomaterials have revolutionized the field of biosensing with attractive combination of physicochemical properties, charge transport, and optical/electrochemical signal transduction, leading to quick, sensitive, and stable detection of clinically crucial analytes such as glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), hormones (insulin, hCG), neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin), and proteins. The current review has covered the functional nanomaterials, biosensor components and mechanisms, and recent advancements for predictive and diagnostic monitoring. The wide spectrum of nanomaterials including metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal oxides, magnetic nanomaterials, and polymeric nanofibers, have been discussed. Further, the basic components of a typical biosensing system have been discussed, followed by detailed description of advanced detection techniques including Electrochemical biosensing (amperometry, conductometry, voltammetry, and impedimetry), Optical biosensing (fluorescence, colorimetry, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, and optical fiber), and Gravimetric biosensing (magnetoelastic, quartz crystal microbalance, and piezoelectric). Along with technological advances in the functionalization and immobilization approaches, the review has reported the key performance parameters such as detection limit, sensitivity, stability, and applicability. Further, the review highlights the recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors that enable the ultra-sensitive, rapid, and portable detection of clinically relevant analytes, including the emerging platforms such as MXene, CRIPSR, nanozyme and wearable-based biosensors. However, challenges such material toxicity, long-term stability, reproducibility, and interference from complex biological matrices remain as significant limitations. Finally, the comparative analysis of biosensing of human analytes with recent nanomaterials and novel detection techniques, has provided an appealing insight into the role of nanotechnology in the development of next-generation point-of-care biosensors.