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<p>Reactive dyes constitute the largest class of dyes used in cotton dyeing, accounting for a significant proportion of global dye consumption and contributing to their widespread occurrence in aquatic environments. In this study, the adsorptive removal of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) onto a green-synthesised ZnO-incorporated acid-modified <i>Pupalia lappacea</i> composite (Z-APL) was investigated. <i>Pupalia lappacea</i>, an underutilised agricultural waste biomass with no prior reported use as an adsorbent precursor, was employed as both a carbon support and a phytochemical source for ZnO nanoparticle synthesis. The effects of solution pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature were systematically evaluated. Equilibrium behaviour was analysed using five isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Toth, and Dubinin-Raduskevich. The adsorbent was characterised using pH-point-of-zero charge, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Advanced modelling approaches involving Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) were further employed to optimise and predict adsorption performance. The results demonstrated appreciable adsorption efficiency, with a maximum monolayer capacity of 44.63&#xa0;mg/g. The Temkin isotherm provided the best fit, while the Elovich model best described the adsorption kinetics (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.978). RSM indicated that the modified cubic model was statistically significant (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.0001), with solution pH, contact time, initial concentration, and dosage as key process variables. Among the tested ANFIS membership functions, the triangular function showed favourable predictive performance based on testing error evaluation. An economic analysis was conducted to assess the practical feasibility of Z-APL, estimating a production cost of ₦1,886.6/g (~$1.35/g) under laboratory-scale conditions. The findings suggest that Z-APL holds potential as a sustainable and cost-effective material for dye remediation in wastewater treatment.</p>

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Sustainable removal of reactive black 5 using green-synthesized ZnO–Pupalia lappacea composite: adsorption behaviour, predictive modelling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Olawale S. Dabo,
  • Deborah O. Aderibigbe,
  • Kazeem K. Salam,
  • Mary A. Oladipo,
  • Abdur-Rahim A. Giwa

摘要

Reactive dyes constitute the largest class of dyes used in cotton dyeing, accounting for a significant proportion of global dye consumption and contributing to their widespread occurrence in aquatic environments. In this study, the adsorptive removal of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) onto a green-synthesised ZnO-incorporated acid-modified Pupalia lappacea composite (Z-APL) was investigated. Pupalia lappacea, an underutilised agricultural waste biomass with no prior reported use as an adsorbent precursor, was employed as both a carbon support and a phytochemical source for ZnO nanoparticle synthesis. The effects of solution pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature were systematically evaluated. Equilibrium behaviour was analysed using five isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Toth, and Dubinin-Raduskevich. The adsorbent was characterised using pH-point-of-zero charge, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Advanced modelling approaches involving Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) were further employed to optimise and predict adsorption performance. The results demonstrated appreciable adsorption efficiency, with a maximum monolayer capacity of 44.63 mg/g. The Temkin isotherm provided the best fit, while the Elovich model best described the adsorption kinetics (R2 = 0.978). RSM indicated that the modified cubic model was statistically significant (P < 0.0001), with solution pH, contact time, initial concentration, and dosage as key process variables. Among the tested ANFIS membership functions, the triangular function showed favourable predictive performance based on testing error evaluation. An economic analysis was conducted to assess the practical feasibility of Z-APL, estimating a production cost of ₦1,886.6/g (~$1.35/g) under laboratory-scale conditions. The findings suggest that Z-APL holds potential as a sustainable and cost-effective material for dye remediation in wastewater treatment.