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<p>The synthesis of carbon dots (CNDs) by bottom-up methods usually results in fluorophore species that are largely present in low-weight impurities and are partially incorporated into the final CNDs. Although CNDs and the low-weight fraction (LWF) share the same fluorophores, CNDs have been widely utilized as fluorescent probes for heavy metal ion (HMI) sensing, whereas the potential applications of LWF remain largely unexplored. Herein, citric acid (CA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) were treated by a hydrothermal method, and the products were separated into CNDs and LWF by a dialysis procedure. Their optical properties and HMI sensing abilities were then compared. UV-vis and photoluminescent (PL) characterizations reveal that both CNDs and LWF exhibit the optical characteristics of the 5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo-[1,2-α]-pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA) fluorophore, although these features are less pronounced in CNDs. Their PL intensities decrease linearly with the concentration of Fe(III), Hg(II), and Cr(VI) ions while LWF has a higher sensitivity. The results reveal the importance of fluorophore – HMI interaction in sensing mechanism of CNDs and suggest potential application of the low-weight impurities.</p>

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Utilization of the waste fluorophore from the bottom-up synthesis of carbon dots in heavy metal sensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Khanh-Hoa Tran,
  • Duc-Nguyen Le,
  • Dinh-Tuan Le,
  • Thu-Huyen Thi Dang,
  • Duy-Khanh Nguyen,
  • Phuong-Anh Thi Vu,
  • Van-Hao Nguyen,
  • Minh-Quy Bui,
  • Bich-Ngan Nguyen,
  • Xuan-Dung Mai

摘要

The synthesis of carbon dots (CNDs) by bottom-up methods usually results in fluorophore species that are largely present in low-weight impurities and are partially incorporated into the final CNDs. Although CNDs and the low-weight fraction (LWF) share the same fluorophores, CNDs have been widely utilized as fluorescent probes for heavy metal ion (HMI) sensing, whereas the potential applications of LWF remain largely unexplored. Herein, citric acid (CA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) were treated by a hydrothermal method, and the products were separated into CNDs and LWF by a dialysis procedure. Their optical properties and HMI sensing abilities were then compared. UV-vis and photoluminescent (PL) characterizations reveal that both CNDs and LWF exhibit the optical characteristics of the 5-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo-[1,2-α]-pyridine-7-carboxylic acid (IPCA) fluorophore, although these features are less pronounced in CNDs. Their PL intensities decrease linearly with the concentration of Fe(III), Hg(II), and Cr(VI) ions while LWF has a higher sensitivity. The results reveal the importance of fluorophore – HMI interaction in sensing mechanism of CNDs and suggest potential application of the low-weight impurities.