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<p>In this work, eco-friendly nano-silica particles were prepared using Iraqi sand in the western region using the sol–gel method. The synthesized Nano-Silica was implemented as a drag reduction agent (DRA) for crude oil in transportation pipeline. The characterizations for the prepared Nano-Silica were achieved using many methods. It was found that the parameters of characterization, average particle size and surface area were 32.97&#xa0;nm and 629.3551 m<sup>2</sup>/g, respectively. The zeta potential analysis demonstrated that the synthesized Nano-Silica exhibited a negative electrical charge, thus enhancing its stability. The investigation of the drag reduction included the effect of Nano-Silica dose on the pressure drop values of heavy crude oil flowing through three varying diameters of carbon steel pipes: 0.5, 0.75, and 1 inch. The enhancement in the drag reduction ratio can be attributed to the concomitant reduction in the viscosity of the crude oil. Furthermore, the pressure drop is observed to diminish in correlation with the increased dosage of Nano-Silica. Consequently, it is established that silica sand serves as an effective alternative precursor that can be utilized as a silica resource and chemically processed to obtain silica nanoparticles, which serves as a potent drag reducing agent (DRA) for Iraqi crude oil.</p>

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Ecofriendly nano-silica prepared from the local sand as drag reduction agent (DRA) for crude oil in transportation pipeline

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • Sana W. Adnan,
  • Thamer J. Mohammed,
  • Abdul Munem A. Karim,
  • Talib M. Albayati,
  • Halah M. Hussein

摘要

In this work, eco-friendly nano-silica particles were prepared using Iraqi sand in the western region using the sol–gel method. The synthesized Nano-Silica was implemented as a drag reduction agent (DRA) for crude oil in transportation pipeline. The characterizations for the prepared Nano-Silica were achieved using many methods. It was found that the parameters of characterization, average particle size and surface area were 32.97 nm and 629.3551 m2/g, respectively. The zeta potential analysis demonstrated that the synthesized Nano-Silica exhibited a negative electrical charge, thus enhancing its stability. The investigation of the drag reduction included the effect of Nano-Silica dose on the pressure drop values of heavy crude oil flowing through three varying diameters of carbon steel pipes: 0.5, 0.75, and 1 inch. The enhancement in the drag reduction ratio can be attributed to the concomitant reduction in the viscosity of the crude oil. Furthermore, the pressure drop is observed to diminish in correlation with the increased dosage of Nano-Silica. Consequently, it is established that silica sand serves as an effective alternative precursor that can be utilized as a silica resource and chemically processed to obtain silica nanoparticles, which serves as a potent drag reducing agent (DRA) for Iraqi crude oil.