Multivariate analysis of smart ferrofluid based liquid phase microextraction for the determination of fluoroquinolones in environmental water samples
摘要
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) like ofloxacin (OFL) persist as hazardous water contaminants, driving antibiotic resistance and ecological damage, thus demanding advanced monitoring solutions. To address this challenge, we hypothesized that a novel FF-DES@GOFe₃O₄ composite could enable sensitive, sustainable extraction of OFL via liquid-phase microextraction (LPME). The magnetic sorbent was synthesized and characterized through FT-IR, VSM, and elemental analysis, then optimized using half-fractional factorial design for critical parameters (pH, ferrofluid/solvent volumes, extraction time). The validated method achieved exceptional sensitivity (LOD: 0.006 µg L⁻1; LOQ: 0.019 µg L⁻1) across a broad linear range (1–1500 µg L⁻1, R2 = 0.996), with robust recoveries (70.5–110.6%) in environmental waters. These results demonstrate FF-DES@GOFe₃O₄ superior extraction capability and reliability for FQ monitoring, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods through its reusable design and minimized solvent consumption. The study establishes a foundation for monitoring emerging contaminants while advancing green analytical chemistry principles.