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<p>Black mulberry (<i>Morus nigra</i> L.) has emerged as a valuable species within the <i>Morus</i> genus, distinguished by intense pigmentation, high juiciness, and balanced sweetness, along with a unique nutrient profile that collectively imparts strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Mulberry pomace is a solid by-product from the mulberry juice processing industry and consists mainly of seeds, peels, and stems. Mulberry pomace accounts for about 20–40% of the total fresh fruit weight. The study aimed to assess the influence of temperature (36–64&#xa0;°C) and time (95–265&#xa0;min) on the flavonoid yield and antioxidant activity from black mulberry pomace (BMP) using response surface methodology (RSM). A two-factor, five-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to optimize the independent variables (extraction time and temperature) and their impact on the response variables (total flavonoid content, TFC &amp; DPPH radical scavenging activity). The optimized conditions for maximum recovery were identified as 51&#xa0;°C for 240&#xa0;min, yielding a TFC of 293.3 ± 0.4&#xa0;mg QE/g dry weight (dw) and DPPH radical scavenging activity of 17.13 ± 0.25%. These experimental values were close to those predicted by the model (301.2&#xa0;mg QE/g dw and 18.8%), validating the adequacy of RSM for optimizing the extraction conditions. Rutin, a dietary flavonol diglycoside with notable pharmacological properties, was purified from the BMP through the solvent partition separation method. UV-Vis spectrum revealed a characteristic absorption maximum (λ<sub>max</sub> = 257&#xa0;nm) for rutin trihydrate. Quantitative determination using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed rutin concentrations of 0.49 ± 0.06&#xa0;mg/mL and 0.51 ± 0.01&#xa0;mg/mL, respectively. These findings demonstrated that BMP is a valuable source of flavonoids, particularly rutin, and RSM provides an efficient approach for optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial residues.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Optimization of flavonoid extraction and antioxidant activity from black mulberry pomace using response surface methodology: purification and HPLC quantification of rutin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月18日

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  • Thakur Julia,
  • Gupta Prerna,
  • Borah Anjan

摘要

Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) has emerged as a valuable species within the Morus genus, distinguished by intense pigmentation, high juiciness, and balanced sweetness, along with a unique nutrient profile that collectively imparts strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Mulberry pomace is a solid by-product from the mulberry juice processing industry and consists mainly of seeds, peels, and stems. Mulberry pomace accounts for about 20–40% of the total fresh fruit weight. The study aimed to assess the influence of temperature (36–64 °C) and time (95–265 min) on the flavonoid yield and antioxidant activity from black mulberry pomace (BMP) using response surface methodology (RSM). A two-factor, five-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to optimize the independent variables (extraction time and temperature) and their impact on the response variables (total flavonoid content, TFC & DPPH radical scavenging activity). The optimized conditions for maximum recovery were identified as 51 °C for 240 min, yielding a TFC of 293.3 ± 0.4 mg QE/g dry weight (dw) and DPPH radical scavenging activity of 17.13 ± 0.25%. These experimental values were close to those predicted by the model (301.2 mg QE/g dw and 18.8%), validating the adequacy of RSM for optimizing the extraction conditions. Rutin, a dietary flavonol diglycoside with notable pharmacological properties, was purified from the BMP through the solvent partition separation method. UV-Vis spectrum revealed a characteristic absorption maximum (λmax = 257 nm) for rutin trihydrate. Quantitative determination using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed rutin concentrations of 0.49 ± 0.06 mg/mL and 0.51 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively. These findings demonstrated that BMP is a valuable source of flavonoids, particularly rutin, and RSM provides an efficient approach for optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial residues.

Graphical abstract