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<p>Recent advancements have accentuated the use of krill oil (KO), mainly in the nutraceutical sector, due to its unique composition of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and phospholipids. The extensive nutritive and health benefits of ω-3 have drawn attention towards optimizing KO encapsulation to improve bioavailability. The present study aimed to develop ω-3-enriched, KO-based nano-emulsions with added antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA). Emulsified formulations containing 5% (KO-B), and 10% (KO-C) KO were prepared after screening emulsifiers, followed by high-shear mixing and high-pressure homogenization as applicable. The droplet size ranged between 20 and 300&#xa0;nm, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed uniform nano-particulate nature. Fatty acid analysis revealed ω-3 contents of 23.46 ± 0.48, and 26.50 ± 2.59&#xa0;g/100&#xa0;g for KO-B, and KO-C, respectively and ω-6: ω-3 ratio below 0.5 for both the formulations. Stability assessment following International Council for Harmonisation guidelines demonstrated retention upto 60 days (accelerated), and 150 days (real-time and refrigerated) with minimal ω-3 alteration. Acute oral toxicity (OECD-425) in female Wistar rats indicated no mortality/gross histopathological abnormalities upto dose level of 2000&#xa0;mg/kg, confirming safety. Both KO-B and KO-C exhibited antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, confirming their free radical scavenging potential. Oral supplementation for 30 days in male Wistar rats enhanced ω-3 incorporation and improved the ω-6: ω-3 ratio versus control. Sensory evaluation (9-point hedonic scale) recorded milk as an more acceptable carrier as compared to water. In conclusion, stable KO-based nano-emulsions can serve as a promising delivery system for ω-3, ensuring stability, in vivo bioavailability, and consumer acceptability.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Development of krill oil based nano-emulsions for improved omega-3 delivery and functional efficacy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Prajakta Sadashiv Gaikwad,
  • Pramod Dattatray Farde,
  • Mahabaleshwar Vishnu Hegde,
  • Anand Arvind Zanwar

摘要

Recent advancements have accentuated the use of krill oil (KO), mainly in the nutraceutical sector, due to its unique composition of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and phospholipids. The extensive nutritive and health benefits of ω-3 have drawn attention towards optimizing KO encapsulation to improve bioavailability. The present study aimed to develop ω-3-enriched, KO-based nano-emulsions with added antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA). Emulsified formulations containing 5% (KO-B), and 10% (KO-C) KO were prepared after screening emulsifiers, followed by high-shear mixing and high-pressure homogenization as applicable. The droplet size ranged between 20 and 300 nm, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed uniform nano-particulate nature. Fatty acid analysis revealed ω-3 contents of 23.46 ± 0.48, and 26.50 ± 2.59 g/100 g for KO-B, and KO-C, respectively and ω-6: ω-3 ratio below 0.5 for both the formulations. Stability assessment following International Council for Harmonisation guidelines demonstrated retention upto 60 days (accelerated), and 150 days (real-time and refrigerated) with minimal ω-3 alteration. Acute oral toxicity (OECD-425) in female Wistar rats indicated no mortality/gross histopathological abnormalities upto dose level of 2000 mg/kg, confirming safety. Both KO-B and KO-C exhibited antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, confirming their free radical scavenging potential. Oral supplementation for 30 days in male Wistar rats enhanced ω-3 incorporation and improved the ω-6: ω-3 ratio versus control. Sensory evaluation (9-point hedonic scale) recorded milk as an more acceptable carrier as compared to water. In conclusion, stable KO-based nano-emulsions can serve as a promising delivery system for ω-3, ensuring stability, in vivo bioavailability, and consumer acceptability.

Graphical Abstract