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<p>Industrial processing of Eureka lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck ‘Eureka’) generates substantial peel by-products that constitute a valuable source of bioactive compounds. However, quantitative information regarding polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) and phenolic compounds in the flavedo fraction remains limited. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS/MS) was employed for the systematic characterization of flavonoid and phenolic constituents in Eureka lemon flavedo. Quantitative analysis was performed in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, with PMFs analyzed under positive ionization mode and selected phenolic compounds analyzed under negative ionization mode. Seven PMFs, including isosinensetin, sinensetin, nobiletin, 3,3′,4′,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone, tangeretin, 5-O-demethylnobiletin, and gardenin B, were quantified under positive ionization mode, whereas five representative phenolic compounds, namely hesperidin, hesperetin, naringin, naringenin, and rhoifolin, were quantified under negative ionization mode. Furthermore, full-scan MS analysis enabled the tentative identification of fourteen additional compounds under positive ionization mode and seven compounds under negative ionization mode based on their characteristic fragmentation patterns. The integration of targeted quantification and untargeted characterization provided a comprehensive analytical profile of phenolic constituents in Eureka lemon flavedo, highlighting its potential for quality assessment and the value-added utilization of citrus processing by-products.</p>

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Quantitative profiling and characterization of phenolics and polymethoxyflavones in Eureka lemon (Citrus limon) flavedo by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Yi-Xin Ye,
  • Yi-Lin Jian,
  • Bo-Yang Hsu

摘要

Industrial processing of Eureka lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck ‘Eureka’) generates substantial peel by-products that constitute a valuable source of bioactive compounds. However, quantitative information regarding polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) and phenolic compounds in the flavedo fraction remains limited. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS/MS) was employed for the systematic characterization of flavonoid and phenolic constituents in Eureka lemon flavedo. Quantitative analysis was performed in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, with PMFs analyzed under positive ionization mode and selected phenolic compounds analyzed under negative ionization mode. Seven PMFs, including isosinensetin, sinensetin, nobiletin, 3,3′,4′,5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone, tangeretin, 5-O-demethylnobiletin, and gardenin B, were quantified under positive ionization mode, whereas five representative phenolic compounds, namely hesperidin, hesperetin, naringin, naringenin, and rhoifolin, were quantified under negative ionization mode. Furthermore, full-scan MS analysis enabled the tentative identification of fourteen additional compounds under positive ionization mode and seven compounds under negative ionization mode based on their characteristic fragmentation patterns. The integration of targeted quantification and untargeted characterization provided a comprehensive analytical profile of phenolic constituents in Eureka lemon flavedo, highlighting its potential for quality assessment and the value-added utilization of citrus processing by-products.