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<p>Metal, metalloid, and mycotoxin contaminants are major threats to global food safety. But their co-contamination patterns are largely unknown and less reported. Therefore, we investigated the individual and co-contamination of 11 mycotoxins and 25 metal/metalloid contaminants (MMCs) in wheat flour samples from Shandong of China, to assess the potential health risks. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to measure the mycotoxin and MMC contaminants. The health risks posed by heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and As were generally at non-significant levels. However, deoxynivalenol (DON) and Alternaria toxins such as tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TEN) were found in 94.79%, 99.17% and 99.79% samples, with average contaminant levels of 102.9&#xa0;µg/kg, 57.81&#xa0;µg/kg and 7.23&#xa0;µg/kg, respectively. Children aged 2 ~ 4 and 6 ~ 15 years demonstrated non-negligible health risks associated with chronic DON exposure at P75 and above contamination levels. Sub-acute health risk was identified for TeA at P50 ~ P95 levels. Co-contamination of As, Cd, Pb was found in 79% samples. Combination of DON, TeA, TEN was found in 78% samples. DON, TeA, TEN, As, Cd, Pb together show in 75% samples. Mycotoxins (DON, TeA, TEN) posed major health risks. MMCs posed unknown health risks that are associated with co-contamination with mycotoxins. Our study provides key references to food regulation and health risk assessment for mycotoxins and MMCs in the post-market stage. It sheds light on the less studied Alternaria toxins.</p>

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Co-contamination analysis and health risk assessment of mycotoxin, metal and metalloid contaminants in wheat flour samples from Shandong, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月27日

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  • Fenghua Li,
  • Xiaolin Wang,
  • Xin Lan,
  • Xinyu Guo,
  • Ying Zhu,
  • Xinxin Zhang,
  • Yang Shen,
  • Fengjia Zheng,
  • Zhuoning Liu,
  • Jun Zhou

摘要

Metal, metalloid, and mycotoxin contaminants are major threats to global food safety. But their co-contamination patterns are largely unknown and less reported. Therefore, we investigated the individual and co-contamination of 11 mycotoxins and 25 metal/metalloid contaminants (MMCs) in wheat flour samples from Shandong of China, to assess the potential health risks. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used to measure the mycotoxin and MMC contaminants. The health risks posed by heavy metals such as Pb, Cd and As were generally at non-significant levels. However, deoxynivalenol (DON) and Alternaria toxins such as tenuazonic acid (TeA) and tentoxin (TEN) were found in 94.79%, 99.17% and 99.79% samples, with average contaminant levels of 102.9 µg/kg, 57.81 µg/kg and 7.23 µg/kg, respectively. Children aged 2 ~ 4 and 6 ~ 15 years demonstrated non-negligible health risks associated with chronic DON exposure at P75 and above contamination levels. Sub-acute health risk was identified for TeA at P50 ~ P95 levels. Co-contamination of As, Cd, Pb was found in 79% samples. Combination of DON, TeA, TEN was found in 78% samples. DON, TeA, TEN, As, Cd, Pb together show in 75% samples. Mycotoxins (DON, TeA, TEN) posed major health risks. MMCs posed unknown health risks that are associated with co-contamination with mycotoxins. Our study provides key references to food regulation and health risk assessment for mycotoxins and MMCs in the post-market stage. It sheds light on the less studied Alternaria toxins.