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<p>The objective of this study was to extract betalain pigments from dragon fruit peel using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and to enhance their stability through microencapsulation followed by freeze-drying. Extraction conditions using sonication times of 5–20&#xa0;min and amplitudes of 20–50% were optimized, with 20&#xa0;min and 50% amplitude yielding the highest betaxanthin (8.254&#xa0;mg/g) and betacyanins (10.006&#xa0;mg/g). The extracted pigments were encapsulated using maltodextrin, xanthan gum, and their combination, where the mixed carrier produced the most stable capsules with better retention of antioxidant activity. The optimized freeze-dried powder showed 75.21% encapsulation efficiency, 18.52&#xa0;mg/g total betalain content, and strong antioxidant activity 64.15% DPPH and 87.13% ABTS inhibition. It also exhibited desirable physicochemical properties, including 0.564 aw, 7.40% moisture, 527.31&#xa0;kg/m³ bulk density, 13.56% hygroscopicity, and 79.83% solubility, along with enhanced thermal stability (DSC degradation peak increasing from 76.10&#xa0;°C to 98.30&#xa0;°C). FTIR revealed structural changes in OH, NH, and CH groups, confirming effective encapsulation and improved molecular stability. These findings show that dragon peel betalains can be converted into a stable, antioxidant-rich natural colorant with strong potential for clean-label food and nutraceutical applications, while adding value to fruit peel waste and supporting sustainable utilization.</p>

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Optimization of ultrasonic extraction, microencapsulation, and analysis of betalains from dragon fruit peel waste

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Manminder Pal Singh,
  • Monica Reshi,
  • Neeraj Gupta,
  • Rishi Richa,
  • Shabnum Showkat,
  • Shahzad Faisal,
  • Ritesh Mishra,
  • Sanjay Kumar

摘要

The objective of this study was to extract betalain pigments from dragon fruit peel using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and to enhance their stability through microencapsulation followed by freeze-drying. Extraction conditions using sonication times of 5–20 min and amplitudes of 20–50% were optimized, with 20 min and 50% amplitude yielding the highest betaxanthin (8.254 mg/g) and betacyanins (10.006 mg/g). The extracted pigments were encapsulated using maltodextrin, xanthan gum, and their combination, where the mixed carrier produced the most stable capsules with better retention of antioxidant activity. The optimized freeze-dried powder showed 75.21% encapsulation efficiency, 18.52 mg/g total betalain content, and strong antioxidant activity 64.15% DPPH and 87.13% ABTS inhibition. It also exhibited desirable physicochemical properties, including 0.564 aw, 7.40% moisture, 527.31 kg/m³ bulk density, 13.56% hygroscopicity, and 79.83% solubility, along with enhanced thermal stability (DSC degradation peak increasing from 76.10 °C to 98.30 °C). FTIR revealed structural changes in OH, NH, and CH groups, confirming effective encapsulation and improved molecular stability. These findings show that dragon peel betalains can be converted into a stable, antioxidant-rich natural colorant with strong potential for clean-label food and nutraceutical applications, while adding value to fruit peel waste and supporting sustainable utilization.