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<p>This study systematically investigated the dynamic changes in serotonin levels during walnut development using a fully validated HPLC–UV method. The method was rigorously assessed for key analytical parameters including linearity (0.29—74.15 μg/mL), LOD/LOQ (3.05/10.85 μg/g FW), recovery (80.93%—103.85%), and matrix effects (-1.61%), ensuring reliable quantification. Results revealed striking stage-dependent variations: serotonin content ranged from 105.59 ± 0.95 μg/g to 1205.42 ± 89.86 μg/g during green husk development, while kernel maturity stages showed 176.39 ± 20.9 μg/g to 1052.00 ± 31.99 μg/g accumulation. Notably, we observed a strong correlative relationship between serotonin and melatonin levels, with both compounds showing coordinated fluctuations during development. The green husk stage was characterized by a more rapid decline in melatonin compared to serotonin during maturation. Multivariate analysis confirmed significant impacts of geographical origin (Hebei &gt; Yunnan &gt; Xinjiang) and cultivar on serotonin accumulation. Postharvest processing studies indicated that 40&#xa0;°C drying optimally preserved serotonin content compared to freezing. These findings provide new insights into the metabolic regulation of serotonin in walnuts and its potential conversion to melatonin during fruit development, offering valuable guidance for walnut cultivation and processing optimization.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Dynamic changes in serotonin across cultivars, growth stages, and processing methods in walnut (Juglans regia L.) via high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月30日

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  • Xue Zhang,
  • Li Zhang,
  • Ying Xu,
  • Yiwen Guo,
  • Ruijie Liu,
  • Ming Chang

摘要

This study systematically investigated the dynamic changes in serotonin levels during walnut development using a fully validated HPLC–UV method. The method was rigorously assessed for key analytical parameters including linearity (0.29—74.15 μg/mL), LOD/LOQ (3.05/10.85 μg/g FW), recovery (80.93%—103.85%), and matrix effects (-1.61%), ensuring reliable quantification. Results revealed striking stage-dependent variations: serotonin content ranged from 105.59 ± 0.95 μg/g to 1205.42 ± 89.86 μg/g during green husk development, while kernel maturity stages showed 176.39 ± 20.9 μg/g to 1052.00 ± 31.99 μg/g accumulation. Notably, we observed a strong correlative relationship between serotonin and melatonin levels, with both compounds showing coordinated fluctuations during development. The green husk stage was characterized by a more rapid decline in melatonin compared to serotonin during maturation. Multivariate analysis confirmed significant impacts of geographical origin (Hebei > Yunnan > Xinjiang) and cultivar on serotonin accumulation. Postharvest processing studies indicated that 40 °C drying optimally preserved serotonin content compared to freezing. These findings provide new insights into the metabolic regulation of serotonin in walnuts and its potential conversion to melatonin during fruit development, offering valuable guidance for walnut cultivation and processing optimization.

Graphical Abstract