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Background <p>Diseases transmitted by <i>Aedes aegypti</i> or <i>Anopheles stephensi</i>, such as Zika virus, dengue fever, and malaria, pose substantial risks to public health, particularly in tropical areas. Plant-derived compounds have emerged as promising alternatives due to their inherent safety and potential efficiency against mosquitoes. This study aimed to improve the efficacy of certain natural compounds, including α-pinene, citral, camphor, and thymol, by developing nanoliposomal formulations.</p> Methods <p>The ‎nanoliposomes containing α-pinene, citral, camphor, and thymol were prepared using the ethanol injection method and then characterized. Using WHO-recommended guidelines, their larvicidal efficacy was investigated against <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Anopheles stephensi</i>.</p> Results <p>The ‎nanoliposomes particle sizes were 105 ± 7, 86 ± 5, 149 ± 5, and 135 ± 8&#xa0;nm, and zeta potentials ‎were − 25.1 ± 0.5, -17.2 ± 1.2, -16.4 ± 1.6, and − 21.3 ± 1.7 mV, respectively. In addition, the ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed) analysis verified the successful loading of the compound. Nanoliposomal compounds exhibited superior performance compared to their non-formulated counterparts in larvicidal bioassays. The nanoliposomes containing thymol showed the highest efficacy, with a Lethal Concentration 50 (LC<sub>50</sub>) of 20&#xa0;µg/mL against <i>Ae. aegypti</i>. Nanoliposomes containing citral exhibited an LC<sub>50</sub> of 20&#xa0;µg/mL against <i>An. stephensi</i>.</p> Conclusions <p>The results suggest that nanoliposomes have the potential to serve as an effective vehicle to improve the efficiency of plant-based larvicides. This could play a significant role in developing sustainable mosquito control strategies.</p>

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Larvicidal Efficacies of Nanoliposomes Containing Alpha-pinene, Citral, Camphor, and Thymol Against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi Mosquito Vectors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月7日

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  • Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi,
  • Narges Fereydouni,
  • Mahmoud Agholi,
  • Seyed AhmadReza Ziaei,
  • Zahra Azadpour,
  • Elham Zarenezhad,
  • Mahmoud Osanloo

摘要

Background

Diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti or Anopheles stephensi, such as Zika virus, dengue fever, and malaria, pose substantial risks to public health, particularly in tropical areas. Plant-derived compounds have emerged as promising alternatives due to their inherent safety and potential efficiency against mosquitoes. This study aimed to improve the efficacy of certain natural compounds, including α-pinene, citral, camphor, and thymol, by developing nanoliposomal formulations.

Methods

The ‎nanoliposomes containing α-pinene, citral, camphor, and thymol were prepared using the ethanol injection method and then characterized. Using WHO-recommended guidelines, their larvicidal efficacy was investigated against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi.

Results

The ‎nanoliposomes particle sizes were 105 ± 7, 86 ± 5, 149 ± 5, and 135 ± 8 nm, and zeta potentials ‎were − 25.1 ± 0.5, -17.2 ± 1.2, -16.4 ± 1.6, and − 21.3 ± 1.7 mV, respectively. In addition, the ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed) analysis verified the successful loading of the compound. Nanoliposomal compounds exhibited superior performance compared to their non-formulated counterparts in larvicidal bioassays. The nanoliposomes containing thymol showed the highest efficacy, with a Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) of 20 µg/mL against Ae. aegypti. Nanoliposomes containing citral exhibited an LC50 of 20 µg/mL against An. stephensi.

Conclusions

The results suggest that nanoliposomes have the potential to serve as an effective vehicle to improve the efficiency of plant-based larvicides. This could play a significant role in developing sustainable mosquito control strategies.