<p>The collection and treatment of wastewater are essential for public health and modern civilization and require sewer pipe infrastructure. Preventing failures in these pipe networks is imperative for the integrity and sustainability of proper sewage collection and treatment. The primary material class used for sewer pipes is steel-reinforced concrete composite, as it resists the complex, variable corrosive environments driven by a myriad of microbial species that accelerate corrosion, and it has the needed mechanical properties at the cost and scale of large networks. Most sewer materials fail due to the attack and degradation of aggregate and cement constituents. While selected to withstand these corrosive environments, sewer and treatment components tend to fail due to microbial, sulfur, and chloride attack over extended service time. This review details the complex biocorrosion environments in modern sewer systems, including the susceptibility of concrete pipes to biological and inorganic corrosion. The review describes a multi-pronged approach to prevention and mitigation, ranging from modifying the effluent carried to redesigning concrete compositions, novel coatings and application methods, inspection methods, machine learning approaches to interpreting inspection data, and lifecycle analyses.</p>