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<p>Electrochemical chlorine evolution is a promising approach for antimicrobial and wastewater treatment. However, the large-scale applications of conventional electrodes are hindered by the high cost of precious metals and tedious thermal decomposition method. In this study, precious metal-free electrodes for chlorine evolution were fabricated via liquid plasma spraying technique using a Ti<sub>0.35</sub>V<sub>0.35</sub>Sn<sub>0.25</sub>Sb<sub>0.05</sub> feedstock solution with varying total metal concentration. Scanning electron microscopy combined with EDS elemental analysis showed that the coatings exhibited a loose and porous morphology, with Ti, V, Sn and Sb elements uniformly distributed throughout. X-ray diffraction analysis identified characteristic diffraction peaks corresponding to VO<sub>2</sub>, SnO<sub>2</sub>, Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and TiO<sub>2</sub> in the coatings. The electrocatalytic properties of the coatings were evaluated using multiple electrochemical techniques, and the electrode prepared using the 1.0&#xa0;M feedstock solution demonstrated the best performance. Antimicrobial test showed that after 30-s electrolysis, the disinfection rates of simulated tap water against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> exceeded 88.1% and 96.8%, respectively, whereas for the 0.06&#xa0;M NaCl solution, both pathogens were inactivated by over 99.9% within 15&#xa0;s. Additionally, methylene blue degradation reached 98.4% after 45&#xa0;min of electrolysis. This study provides a new strategy for producing low-cost chlorine-evolving electrodes with potential application in antibacterial and wastewater treatment.</p>

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Cost-Efficient Ti-V-Sn-Sb Chlorine-Evolving Electrodes Deposited by Liquid Plasma Spraying for Antibacterial and Wastewater Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Yu Zhang,
  • Ping Zhou,
  • Xiaomei Liu,
  • Yi Liu,
  • Jing Huang,
  • Shuangjie Wu,
  • Hidetoshi Saitoh,
  • Botao Zhang,
  • Hua Li

摘要

Electrochemical chlorine evolution is a promising approach for antimicrobial and wastewater treatment. However, the large-scale applications of conventional electrodes are hindered by the high cost of precious metals and tedious thermal decomposition method. In this study, precious metal-free electrodes for chlorine evolution were fabricated via liquid plasma spraying technique using a Ti0.35V0.35Sn0.25Sb0.05 feedstock solution with varying total metal concentration. Scanning electron microscopy combined with EDS elemental analysis showed that the coatings exhibited a loose and porous morphology, with Ti, V, Sn and Sb elements uniformly distributed throughout. X-ray diffraction analysis identified characteristic diffraction peaks corresponding to VO2, SnO2, Sb2O5 and TiO2 in the coatings. The electrocatalytic properties of the coatings were evaluated using multiple electrochemical techniques, and the electrode prepared using the 1.0 M feedstock solution demonstrated the best performance. Antimicrobial test showed that after 30-s electrolysis, the disinfection rates of simulated tap water against E. coli and S. aureus exceeded 88.1% and 96.8%, respectively, whereas for the 0.06 M NaCl solution, both pathogens were inactivated by over 99.9% within 15 s. Additionally, methylene blue degradation reached 98.4% after 45 min of electrolysis. This study provides a new strategy for producing low-cost chlorine-evolving electrodes with potential application in antibacterial and wastewater treatment.