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<p>Stainless steel–tungsten carbide (WC) composite layers were fabricated via laser metal deposition (LMD) and then treated by low-temperature plasma nitriding at 425&#xa0;°C to improve wear and corrosion resistance. This thermochemical process resulted in the formation of nitrogen-supersaturated expanded austenite (S-phase) and chromium nitride (CrN) phases. To investigate the effects of alloying elements on the nitrided layers, a combination of experimental characterization, statistical analysis, and computational simulation was used. Ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis indicated that chromium might negatively influence nitrided layer thickness (regression coefficient = –0.40, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), possibly due to its strong affinity for nitrogen. This trend was further supported by Monte Carlo simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Among the alloying elements studied, tungsten showed a potential positive correlation with surface hardness, increasing it by 21.85 HV per 1 wt.% increment. This effect may be attributed to the formation of eutectic carbides from the interaction between WC particles and stainless steel during LMD, which may contribute to hardening the nitrogen-enriched matrix. Anodic polarization testing suggested a possible positive correlation between the ferrite-to-austenite phase ratio in the as-deposited layers and the corrosion current density (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.71). These results provide preliminary insights suggesting that controlling both the chromium content and ferrite phase ratio might be important for optimizing nitrided layer formation and improving corrosion resistance. Additionally, the formation of eutectic carbides could enhance surface hardness in the nitrided WC composite layers.</p>

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Effects of Alloying Elements on Low-Temperature Plasma Nitriding of Laser-Deposited Stainless Steel-Tungsten Carbide Composite Layers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月19日

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  • Shinichiro Adachi,
  • Shohei Hayashi,
  • Takuto Yamaguchi,
  • Keigo Tanaka

摘要

Stainless steel–tungsten carbide (WC) composite layers were fabricated via laser metal deposition (LMD) and then treated by low-temperature plasma nitriding at 425 °C to improve wear and corrosion resistance. This thermochemical process resulted in the formation of nitrogen-supersaturated expanded austenite (S-phase) and chromium nitride (CrN) phases. To investigate the effects of alloying elements on the nitrided layers, a combination of experimental characterization, statistical analysis, and computational simulation was used. Ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis indicated that chromium might negatively influence nitrided layer thickness (regression coefficient = –0.40, p < 0.01), possibly due to its strong affinity for nitrogen. This trend was further supported by Monte Carlo simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Among the alloying elements studied, tungsten showed a potential positive correlation with surface hardness, increasing it by 21.85 HV per 1 wt.% increment. This effect may be attributed to the formation of eutectic carbides from the interaction between WC particles and stainless steel during LMD, which may contribute to hardening the nitrogen-enriched matrix. Anodic polarization testing suggested a possible positive correlation between the ferrite-to-austenite phase ratio in the as-deposited layers and the corrosion current density (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.71). These results provide preliminary insights suggesting that controlling both the chromium content and ferrite phase ratio might be important for optimizing nitrided layer formation and improving corrosion resistance. Additionally, the formation of eutectic carbides could enhance surface hardness in the nitrided WC composite layers.