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<p>The excessive temperature rise in photovoltaic (PV) panels decreases voltage and power output because of the negative temperature coefficient adjustment of silicon cells. To address this study focused on fabricating and evaluating graphene-reinforced paraffin PCM composites for PV thermal management, integrated with an IoT-based monitoring system for real-time visualization of performance parameters. Pure paraffin and graphene/paraffin composite samples (G5P and G10P) were analyzed using techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDS, zeta potential, and UV–Vis to characterize their structure, dispersion stability, crystallinity, and optical properties. The PCM back-sheets were used in PV panels, and sensor systems recorded the panel surface temperature, solar irradiation, voltage, current, and power continuously. Results showed that graphene reinforcement improved thermal conductivity and reduced surface temperature: a 4&#xa0;°C drop for G5P and a 6&#xa0;°C decrease for G10P compared to pure paraffin. Consequently, electrical performance improved with increased voltage from 16.5&#xa0;V (pure) to 17.8&#xa0;V (G5P) and 18.0&#xa0;V (G10P). Efficiency rose from 6.2 to 7.0% (G5P) and 7.5% (G10P), while power output increased from 6.0 to 6.3&#xa0;W (G5P) and showed a trend toward 6.5&#xa0;W for G10P. The novelty of the work lies in how graphene excellent thermal and UV stability enables paraffin to function as an efficient UV-resistant and heat-spreading phase change material. These findings confirm that graphene–paraffin additives combined with IoT can be an affordable and effective method to enhance PV efficiency and module durability in hot regions.</p>

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A Novel Approach Using IoT-Integrated Graphene-Reinforced Paraffin PCM Composites for Smart Photovoltaic and Sustainable Solar Energy Solutions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Ritu Jain,
  • Amit Tiwari,
  • Paresh Jain,
  • Sasmita Nayak,
  • Mukesh Kumar Gupta,
  • Himanshu Vasnani,
  • Manas Mathur,
  • Payal Bansal,
  • Budesh Kanwer

摘要

The excessive temperature rise in photovoltaic (PV) panels decreases voltage and power output because of the negative temperature coefficient adjustment of silicon cells. To address this study focused on fabricating and evaluating graphene-reinforced paraffin PCM composites for PV thermal management, integrated with an IoT-based monitoring system for real-time visualization of performance parameters. Pure paraffin and graphene/paraffin composite samples (G5P and G10P) were analyzed using techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDS, zeta potential, and UV–Vis to characterize their structure, dispersion stability, crystallinity, and optical properties. The PCM back-sheets were used in PV panels, and sensor systems recorded the panel surface temperature, solar irradiation, voltage, current, and power continuously. Results showed that graphene reinforcement improved thermal conductivity and reduced surface temperature: a 4 °C drop for G5P and a 6 °C decrease for G10P compared to pure paraffin. Consequently, electrical performance improved with increased voltage from 16.5 V (pure) to 17.8 V (G5P) and 18.0 V (G10P). Efficiency rose from 6.2 to 7.0% (G5P) and 7.5% (G10P), while power output increased from 6.0 to 6.3 W (G5P) and showed a trend toward 6.5 W for G10P. The novelty of the work lies in how graphene excellent thermal and UV stability enables paraffin to function as an efficient UV-resistant and heat-spreading phase change material. These findings confirm that graphene–paraffin additives combined with IoT can be an affordable and effective method to enhance PV efficiency and module durability in hot regions.