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<p>Aiming at the insufficient tribological properties of conventional bearing steel and single WC-Ag composite coatings under harsh high-temperature and heavy-load service conditions, bearing steel matrix C1 (200&#xa0;°C), WC-Ag composite coating (WA) and TiC-reinforced WC-Ag composite coating (WAT) were successfully prepared in this study. The friction and wear behaviors, worn surface morphologies, subsurface microstructural evolution and corresponding anti-friction and wear-resistant mechanisms of the materials were systematically explored via friction–wear tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) under variable temperatures ranging from 25 to 400&#xa0;°C and different loads of 5, 8 and 10 N. The results reveal that TiC reinforcement can remarkably improve the tribological performance of WC-Ag coatings. Compared with C1 and WA coating, WAT coating exhibits superior friction and wear properties in wide temperature domains and multi-load working conditions, with its friction coefficient and wear rate reduced by nearly 50% relative to C1. During the friction process, Ag in the coating migrates from internal pores and grain boundaries to the friction surface driven by frictional heat and shear stress, forming a continuous solid lubricating film, while TiC and WC jointly build a dual hard wear-resistant skeleton. A dense TiC-WC-Ag ternary composite lubricating layer is formed on the friction surface, achieving the synergistic effect of load-bearing and lubrication, which effectively restrains plastic deformation, crack initiation and propagation. Even at 400&#xa0;°C and heavy load, WAT coating still presents lower friction coefficient and wear rate than WA and C1. This TiC-reinforced composite coating, with the synergistic design of hard-phase load-bearing and soft-phase lubrication, is adaptable to wide temperature and complex alternating load conditions, providing a reliable tribological protection strategy for mechanical components under extreme service environments.</p>

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Tribological Behavior of WC-Ag Composite Coatings Strengthened by TiC Films under Multiple Working Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Weipeng Li,
  • Junjie Li,
  • Bolong Zhou,
  • Shunzeng Wang,
  • Ye Wang,
  • Xiyao Liu,
  • Yajuan Wang

摘要

Aiming at the insufficient tribological properties of conventional bearing steel and single WC-Ag composite coatings under harsh high-temperature and heavy-load service conditions, bearing steel matrix C1 (200 °C), WC-Ag composite coating (WA) and TiC-reinforced WC-Ag composite coating (WAT) were successfully prepared in this study. The friction and wear behaviors, worn surface morphologies, subsurface microstructural evolution and corresponding anti-friction and wear-resistant mechanisms of the materials were systematically explored via friction–wear tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) under variable temperatures ranging from 25 to 400 °C and different loads of 5, 8 and 10 N. The results reveal that TiC reinforcement can remarkably improve the tribological performance of WC-Ag coatings. Compared with C1 and WA coating, WAT coating exhibits superior friction and wear properties in wide temperature domains and multi-load working conditions, with its friction coefficient and wear rate reduced by nearly 50% relative to C1. During the friction process, Ag in the coating migrates from internal pores and grain boundaries to the friction surface driven by frictional heat and shear stress, forming a continuous solid lubricating film, while TiC and WC jointly build a dual hard wear-resistant skeleton. A dense TiC-WC-Ag ternary composite lubricating layer is formed on the friction surface, achieving the synergistic effect of load-bearing and lubrication, which effectively restrains plastic deformation, crack initiation and propagation. Even at 400 °C and heavy load, WAT coating still presents lower friction coefficient and wear rate than WA and C1. This TiC-reinforced composite coating, with the synergistic design of hard-phase load-bearing and soft-phase lubrication, is adaptable to wide temperature and complex alternating load conditions, providing a reliable tribological protection strategy for mechanical components under extreme service environments.