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<p>Polylactic acid (PLA) has attracted significant research interest due to its biodegradability, eco-friendliness, and compatibility with cost-effective Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printers. It makes parts one layer at a time from thermoplastic materials, which reduces waste, doesn’t require tools, and costs less. PLA is not widely used in structural and end-use parts because it is brittle and weak mechanically, despite its benefits. Numerous studies have aimed to enhance the mechanical performance of PLA by optimizing its parameters; however, the majority have focused solely on individual process variables rather than their interactions or mutual effects. To make PLA parts stronger in tension, bending, and compression, this study looked at four important FDM process parameters in a systematic way: extrusion (nozzle) temperature, layer height, print speed, and infill density. Response surface methodology (RSM), with a design of experiments (DOE), was used to develop predictive statistical models and examine how each parameter and its interactions affected the mechanical behavior of PLA parts. These predictive statistical models were subsequently validated via confirmation experiments. The findings indicate that 220&#xa0;°C extrusion (nozzle) temperature, 0.25&#xa0;mm layer height, 65&#xa0;mm/s printing speed, and 75% infill density produce maximum tensile, flexural, and compression strengths of 58, 77.57, and 60.89&#xa0;MPa, respectively, as per run order 25. This was confirmed by the multi-response optimization approach and confirmation results, which give similar values. The results provide a robust approach to improving the strength and performance of PLA parts produced using FDM technology.</p>

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Multi-response Optimization and Experimental Investigation of 3D Printed Parts

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Baljinder Singh,
  • Daljeet Singh,
  • Vishal Gupta

摘要

Polylactic acid (PLA) has attracted significant research interest due to its biodegradability, eco-friendliness, and compatibility with cost-effective Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printers. It makes parts one layer at a time from thermoplastic materials, which reduces waste, doesn’t require tools, and costs less. PLA is not widely used in structural and end-use parts because it is brittle and weak mechanically, despite its benefits. Numerous studies have aimed to enhance the mechanical performance of PLA by optimizing its parameters; however, the majority have focused solely on individual process variables rather than their interactions or mutual effects. To make PLA parts stronger in tension, bending, and compression, this study looked at four important FDM process parameters in a systematic way: extrusion (nozzle) temperature, layer height, print speed, and infill density. Response surface methodology (RSM), with a design of experiments (DOE), was used to develop predictive statistical models and examine how each parameter and its interactions affected the mechanical behavior of PLA parts. These predictive statistical models were subsequently validated via confirmation experiments. The findings indicate that 220 °C extrusion (nozzle) temperature, 0.25 mm layer height, 65 mm/s printing speed, and 75% infill density produce maximum tensile, flexural, and compression strengths of 58, 77.57, and 60.89 MPa, respectively, as per run order 25. This was confirmed by the multi-response optimization approach and confirmation results, which give similar values. The results provide a robust approach to improving the strength and performance of PLA parts produced using FDM technology.